ArticleJournal of the American Chemical Society2008
Charge carrier field emission determines the number of charges on native state proteins in electrospray ionization.
Article in Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bead-Ejection Scenario in Electrospray Ionization of Multidomain Nucleic Acids.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Variable fragmentation and ionization of amyloid-beta epimers and isomers.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2023Article
- Dynamics of Rayleigh Fission Processes in ∼100 nm Charged Aqueous Nanodrops.ACS central science · 2023Article
- Release of nanodiscs from charged nano-droplets in the electrospray ionization revealed by molecular dynamics simulations.Communications chemistry · 2023Article
- Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization Augments Field-Free Ionization Techniques to Promote Conformer Preservation in the Gas-Phase for Intractable Biomolecular Ions.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2022Article
- Surface Activity of Amines Provides Evidence for the Combined ESI Mechanism of Charge Reduction for Protein Complexes.Analytical chemistry · 2022Article
- Current perspectives on supercharging reagents in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.RSC advances · 2021Review
- Surface-Induced Dissociation: An Effective Method for Characterization of Protein Quaternary Structure.Analytical chemistry · 2019Review
- Strengths and Weaknesses of Molecular Simulations of Electrosprayed Droplets.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2018Article
- Charging and Release Mechanisms of Flexible Macromolecules in Droplets.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2017Article
- Insight into Signal Response of Protein Ions in Native ESI-MS from the Analysis of Model Mixtures of Covalently Linked Protein Oligomers.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2017Article
- Spontaneous Mass and Charge Losses from Single Multi-Megadalton Ions Studied by Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2017Article
- Use of a charge reducing agent to enable intact mass analysis of cysteine-linked antibody-drug-conjugates by native mass spectrometry.EuPA open proteomics · 2016Article
- Amphipols outperform dodecylmaltoside micelles in stabilizing membrane protein structure in the gas phase.Analytical chemistry · 2015Article
- Do charge state signatures guarantee protein conformations?Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2012Article
- Supercharging protein complexes from aqueous solution disrupts their native conformations.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2012Article
- Principles of electrospray ionization.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2011Review
- Ion mobility measurements of nondenatured 12-150 kDa proteins and protein multimers by tandem differential mobility analysis-mass spectrometry (DMA-MS).Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2011Article
- Effects of supercharging reagents on noncovalent complex structure in electrospray ionization from aqueous solutions.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2010Article
- Standard-free quantitation of mixtures using clusters formed by electrospray mass spectrometry.Analytical chemistry · 2009Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although multiple charging in electrospray ionization (ESI) is essential to protein mass spectrometry, the underlying mechanism of multiple charging has not been explicated. Here, we present a new theory to describe ESI of native-state proteins and predict the number of excess charges on proteins in ESI. The theory proposes that proteins are ionized as charged residues in ESI, as they retain residual excess charges after solvent evaporation and do not desorb from charged ESI droplets. However, their charge state is not determined by the Rayleigh limit of a droplet of similar size to the protein; rather, their final charge state is determined by the electric field-induced emission of small charged solute ions and clusters from protein-containing ESI droplets. This theory predicts that the number of charges on a protein in ESI should be directly proportional to the square of the gas-phase protein diameter and to E*, the critical electric field strength at which ion emission from droplets occurs. This critical field strength is determined by the properties of the excess charge carriers (i.e., the solute) in droplets. Charge-state measurements of native-state proteins with molecular masses in the 5-76 kDa range in ammonium acetate and triethylammonium bicarbonate are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions and strongly support the mechanism of protein ESI proposed here.
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