ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2008
Maternal smoking and oral clefts: the role of detoxification pathway genes.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 38 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal Cigarette Smoking and Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2022Pooled it
- Passive smoking in the etiology of non-syndromic orofacial clefts: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2015Pooled it
- Ambient air pollution and risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental health perspectives · 2011Pooled it
- Maternal and Parent-of-Origin Gene-Environment Effects on the Etiology of Orofacial Clefting.Genes · 2025Article
- Impact of maternal body mass index and gestational comorbidities on the birth prevalence of orofacial clefts in the Japan Environment and Children's Study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Examining the Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies in Newborns: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Maternity Hospital in Saudi Arabia.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Knowledge assessment on cleft lip and palate among recently graduated dentists: a cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2023Article
- MicroRNAs and Gene Regulatory Networks Related to Cleft Lip and Palate.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and non-syndromic orofacial cleft: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Review
- Recent Advances in Nasoalveolar Molding Therapy Using 3D Technology.Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction · 2022Review
- Article
- The role of smoke from cooking indoors over an open flame and parental smoking on the risk of cleft lip and palate: A case- control study in 7 low-resource countries.Journal of global health · 2020Article
- A comparison of DNA methylation in newborn blood samples from infants with and without orofacial clefts.Clinical epigenetics · 2019Article
- Maternal exposures and risk of oral clefts in South Vietnam.Birth defects research · 2018Article
- Association between maternal exposure to tobacco, presence of TGFA gene, and the occurrence of oral clefts. A case control study.Clinical oral investigations · 2018Article
- A Genome-Wide Search for Gene-Environment Effects in Isolated Cleft Lip with or without Cleft Palate Triads Points to an Interaction between Maternal Periconceptional Vitamin Use and Variants inFrontiers in genetics · 2018Article
- Under-reporting of major birth defects in Northwest Russia: a registry-based study.International journal of circumpolar health · 2017Article
- Passive Smoke Exposure as a Risk Factor for Oral Clefts-A Large International Population-Based Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2016Article
- Identifying Human Teratogens: An Update.Journal of pediatric genetics · 2015Article
- First-trimester nonsystemic corticosteroid use and the risk of oral clefts in Norway.Annals of epidemiology · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is evidence for an effect of cigarette smoking on risk of oral clefts. There are also hypothetical pathways for a biologic effect involving toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke.
methodsWe performed a combined case-control and family-triad study of babies born with oral clefts in Norway in the period 1996 to 2001, with 88% participation among cases (n = 573) and 76% participation among controls (n = 763). Mothers completed a questionnaire 4 months after birth of the baby. DNA was collected from parents and children, and assayed for genes related to detoxification of compounds of cigarette smoke (NAT1, NAT2, CYP1A1, GSTP1, GSTT1, and GSTM1).
resultsFor isolated cleft lip (with or without cleft palate) there was a dose-response effect of smoking in the first trimester. The odds ratio rose from 1.6 (95% confidence interval = 1.0-2.5) for passive smoking to 1.9 (0.9-4.0) for mothers who smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day. There was little evidence of an association with cleft palate. Genetic analyses used both case-control and family-triad data. In case-triads we found an association between a NAT2 haplotype and isolated cleft lip (relative risk of 1.6 with 1 copy of the allele and 2.5 with 2 copies), but with little evidence of interaction with smoking. Other genes did not show associations, and previously described interactions with smoking were not confirmed.
conclusionFirst-trimester smoking was clearly associated with risk of cleft lip. This effect was not modified by variants of genes related to detoxification of compounds of cigarette smoke.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.