ArticleBMC cancer2008
Growth of human gastric cancer cells in nude mice is delayed by a ketogenic diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides.
Article in BMC cancer, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05119010 (A Pilot Study Evaluating a Ketogenic Diet Concomitant to Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma), which is not on this map. Cited by 120 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Pilot Study Evaluating a Ketogenic Diet Concomitant to Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 209 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cancer Treatment With the Ketogenic Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Animal Studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Patients with chronically diseased livers have lower incidence of colorectal liver metastases: a meta-analysis.PloS one · 2014Pooled it
- Is a Four-Week Ketogenic Diet an Effective Nutritional Strategy in CrossFit-Trained Female and Male Athletes?Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Ketogenic diets as an adjuvant therapy for glioblastoma (KEATING): a randomized, mixed methods, feasibility study.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2020Trial
- ERGO: a pilot study of ketogenic diet in recurrent glioblastoma.International journal of oncology · 2014Trial
- Glycolysis‑driven immunosuppression in gastric cancer: Metabolic crosstalk between tumor cells and the immune microenvironment (Review).International journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Ketogenic Diet: A Metabolic Key to Overcoming Cancer Therapy Resistance.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Review
- Innovative strategies to overcome cancer drug resistance: from nanodelivery systems to targeted therapeutics.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- A sweet danger: the silent link between hyperinsulinemia and gastric cancer.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Obesity-derived metabolites modulate anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment: from mechanisms to clinical applications.BMC medicine · 2026Review
- Fat promotes growth and invasion in a 3D microfluidic tumor model of triple-negative breast cancer.APL bioengineering · 2026Article
- The Interplay between the Gut and Ketogenic Diets in Health and Disease.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Endoplasmic Reticulum-Targeted Phototherapy Remodels the Tumor Immunopeptidome to Enhance Immunogenic Cell Death and Adaptive Anti-Tumor Immunity.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Co-targeting of metabolism using dietary and pharmacologic approaches reduces breast cancer metastatic burden.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Metabolic reprogramming and therapeutic resistance in primary and metastatic breast cancer.Molecular cancer · 2024Review
- An unexpected role for the ketogenic diet in triggering tumor metastasis by modulating BACH1-mediated transcription.Science advances · 2024Article
- Ketogenic diet does not promote triple-negative and luminal mammary tumor growth and metastasis in experimental mice.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2024Article
- Article
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAmong the most prominent metabolic alterations in cancer cells are the increase in glucose consumption and the conversion of glucose to lactic acid via the reduction of pyruvate even in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon, known as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect, may provide a rationale for therapeutic strategies that inhibit tumour growth by administration of a ketogenic diet with average protein but low in carbohydrates and high in fat enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT).
methodsTwenty-four female NMRI nude mice were injected subcutaneously with tumour cells of the gastric adenocarcinoma cell line 23132/87. The animals were then randomly split into two feeding groups and fed either a ketogenic diet (KD group; n = 12) or a standard diet (SD group; n = 12) ad libitum. Experiments were ended upon attainment of the target tumor volume of 600 mm3 to 700 mm3. The two diets were compared based on tumour growth and survival time (interval between tumour cell injection and attainment of target tumour volume).
resultsThe ketogenic diet was well accepted by the KD mice. The tumour growth in the KD group was significantly delayed compared to that in the SD group. Tumours in the KD group reached the target tumour volume at 34.2 +/- 8.5 days versus only 23.3 +/- 3.9 days in the SD group. After day 20, tumours in the KD group grew faster although the differences in mean tumour growth continued significantly. Importantly, they revealed significantly larger necrotic areas than tumours of the SD group and the areas with vital tumour cells appear to have had fewer vessels than tumours of the SD group. Viable tumour cells in the border zone surrounding the necrotic areas of tumours of both groups exhibited a glycolytic phenotype with expression of glucose transporter-1 and transketolase-like 1 enzyme.
conclusionApplication of an unrestricted ketogenic diet enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and MCT delayed tumour growth in a mouse xenograft model. Further studies are needed to address the impact of this diet on other tumour-relevant functions such as invasive growth and metastasis.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.