ArticleInfectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology2008
The relationship between cocaine use and human papillomavirus infections in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women.
Article in Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence of human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus among laryngoscopy referrals in Northeastern Iran.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Incidence of oncogenic HPV infection in women with and without mental illness: A population-based cohort study in Sweden.PLoS medicine · 2024Article
- The interplay between the vaginal microbiome and innate immunity in the focus of predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach to combat HPV-induced cervical cancer.The EPMA journal · 2021Review
- Uptake of the HPV vaccine among people with and without HIV, cisgender and transgender women and men who have sex with men and with women at two sexual health clinics in Mexico City.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Article
- Article
- Cervical human papillomavirus infection among young women engaged in sex work in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: prevalence, genotypes, risk factors and association with HIV infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2012Article
- Marijuana use is not associated with cervical human papillomavirus natural history or cervical neoplasia in HIV-seropositive or HIV-seronegative women.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2010Article
- Influence of adherent and effective antiretroviral therapy use on human papillomavirus infection and squamous intraepithelial lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2010Article
- Determinants of newly detected human papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected injection drug using women.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAnimal data suggest that cocaine has an immunosuppressive effect, but no human studies have been conducted to assess the relation of cocaine use with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the viral cause of cervical cancer. Since both cocaine use and HPV infection are common among HIV-positive women, we sought to determine whether use of cocaine and/or crack influences the natural history of HPV among women with or at high risk of HIV.
methodsWomen enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (2278 HIV-seropositive and 826 high-risk seronegative women) were examined every six months for up to 9.5 years with Pap smear, collection of cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) samples, and detailed questionnaires regarding health and behavior, including use of crack and cocaine (crack/cocaine). CVLs were tested for HPV DNA by PCR, with genotyping for over forty HPV types.
resultsIn multivariate logistic regression models, censoring women treated for cervical neoplasia, crack/cocaine use within the last six months was associated with prevalent detection of oncogenic HPV DNA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.30 (1.09-1.55)), and with oncogenic HPV-positive squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) (OR = 1.70 (1.27-2.27)), following adjustment for age, race, HIV-serostatus, and CD4+ T-cell count, the number of sexual partners in the past six months, and smoking. In multivariate Cox models crack/cocaine use was also associated with a trend that approached significance in regard to incident detection of oncogenic HPV-positive SIL (HR = 1.51, 95% CI 0.99-2.30), and while the rate of oncogenic HPV clearance was not related to cocaine use, the clearance of any SIL was significantly lower in those with versus those without recent crack/cocaine use (HR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.34-0.97).
conclusionsCocaine use is associated with an increased risk of detection of both prevalent and incident oncogenic HPV infection, as well as an increased risk of HPV-positive SIL over time.
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