ReviewBritish journal of pharmacology2008
Cellular neuroadaptations to chronic opioids: tolerance, withdrawal and addiction.
Review in British journal of pharmacology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 210 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
210 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 462 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions to safely and effectively reduce (taper) use of opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of coadministration of calcitonin and hyperbaric bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for unilateral open inguinal hernia repair in tramadol abuse patients: a randomized controlled trial.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Trial
- Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement reduces opioid misuse risk via analgesic and positive psychological mechanisms: A randomized controlled trial.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2019Trial
- A double blind, within subject comparison of spontaneous opioid withdrawal from buprenorphine versus morphine.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2014Trial
- Progress in pain mechanisms and management.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- EphB1 Receptor Blockade Augments Morphine Antinociception via Inhibiting GRK2-Mediated µ-Opioid Receptor Internalization.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Characterizing the Safety and Efficacy of Propofol in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2026Article
- Cannabidiol (CBD) modulates the serotonin-kynurenine metabolic balance in the brain of morphine-tolerant neuropathic rats.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Article
- A widespread internal brain state for fentanyl withdrawal.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Central amygdalar PKCδ neurons mediate fentanyl withdrawal.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Total Antioxidant Capacity and Total Oxidative Capacity in Multi-Modal Opioid-Based Therapy for Non-Cancer Pain: Analysis of Redox Status.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Buprenorphine Microinduction Treatment in Tri-Diagnosis Patients with Opioid Use Disorder and Chronic Non-Cancerous Pain.Current pain and headache reports · 2026Review
- Alpha-pinene modulates hippocampal MAPKs/c-Fos pathways during morphine dependence and withdrawal in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Opioid Use Following Spine Surgery: Strategies for a Multimodal Approach To Pain Management.Current pain and headache reports · 2026Review
- The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine signaling in the development of morphine tolerance in neuropathic pain.The Korean journal of pain · 2026Article
- Case Report: Delirium and complications resulting from the abuse of compound liquorice tablets.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Non-Invasive Detection of Opioid Addiction through Serum Analysis Using FTIR Spectroscopy.Addiction & health · 2026Article
- Zonisamide attenuates morphine tolerance in association with reduced spinal TLR4/p38 MAPK signaling.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- The neural circuits and signalling pathways of opioid use disorder.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2025Review
- Perioperative use of fentanyl and tramadol in pediatric distal humerus fractures: a 15-year retrospective cohort study in Korea.Scientific reports · 2025Article
150 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A large range of neuroadaptations develop in response to chronic opioid exposure and these are thought to be more or less critical for expression of the major features of opioid addiction: tolerance, withdrawal and processes that may contribute to compulsive use and relapse. This review considers these adaptations at different levels of organization in the nervous system including tolerance at the mu-opioid receptor itself, cellular tolerance and withdrawal in opioid-sensitive neurons, systems tolerance and withdrawal in opioid-sensitive nerve networks, as well as synaptic plasticity in opioid sensitive nerve networks. Receptor tolerance appears to involve enhancement of mechanisms of receptor regulation, including desensitization and internalization. Adaptations causing cellular tolerance are more complex but several important processes have been identified including upregulation of cAMP/PKA and cAMP response element-binding signalling and perhaps the mitogen activated PK cascades in opioid sensitive neurons that might not only influence tolerance and withdrawal but also synaptic plasticity during cycles of intoxication and withdrawal. The potential complexity of network, or systems adaptations that interact with opioid-sensitive neurons is great but some candidate neuropeptide systems that interact with mu-opioid sensitive neurons may play a role in tolerance and withdrawal, as might activation of glial signalling. Implication of synaptic forms of learning such as long term potentiation and long term depression in opioid addiction is still in its infancy but this ultimately has the potential to identify specific synapses that contribute to compulsive use and relapse.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.