ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2008
A comparison of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and smoking prevalence across countries.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effectiveness of switching to very low nicotine content cigarettes plus nicotine patch versus reducing daily cigarette consumption plus nicotine patch to decrease dependence: an exploratory randomized trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Cognitive-behavioral treatment with behavioral activation for smokers with depressive symptomatology: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.BMC psychiatry · 2017Trial
- Working alliance and empathy as mediators of brief telephone counseling for cigarette smokers who are not ready to quit.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2017Trial
- Motivational, reduction and usual care interventions for smokers who are not ready to quit: a randomized controlled trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2017Trial
- An Online Documentary Film to Motivate Quit Attempts Among Smokers in the General Population (4Weeks2Freedom): A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2016Trial
- Methylphenidate for treating tobacco dependence in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder smokers: a pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial.Journal of negative results in biomedicine · 2011Trial
- A randomized, controlled trial of NRT-aided gradual vs. abrupt cessation in smokers actively trying to quit.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2010Trial
- Smokers' beliefs about the inability to stop smoking.Addictive behaviors · 2009Trial
- Personality Traits, Affective Distress, and Addictive Behaviors in Patients with Neurotic Disorders: A Mediation Analysis.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2026Article
- Cigarette smoking prevalence, nicotine dependence, and quit ratios among U.S. adult females by residence and military-veteran status: 2002-2023.Preventive medicine · 2025Article
- A Cross-Sectional Study of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours Associated with Smoking among University Students in Yemen.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Article
- The Impact of Night Shifts, Tobacco Dependence, Health Awareness, and Depression Risk on Chronic Disease Risk Among Generation Z Overtime Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prevalence of nicotine dependence among smokers aged 40 years and older in China.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2024Article
- Smokers' Curiosity Facilitates Recall of Tobacco-Related Health Information.Health communication · 2023Article
- Hardening determinants among adult daily smokers in nine African countries: Data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- A retrospective epidemiological investigation of periodontitis risk and current smoking status based on the number of cigarettes per day and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a preliminary pilot study.Journal of periodontal & implant science · 2023Article
- Physical Health in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Analysis of nicotine dependence among daily smokers in China: evidence from a cross-sectional study in Zhejiang Province.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Poor implementation of tobacco control measures and lack of education influences the intention to quit tobacco: a structural equation modelling approach.BMC public health · 2022Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Funding
Abstract
aimsTo examine the correlation between the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score and smoking prevalence across countries.
designCross-sectional study.
settingFifteen studies from 13 countries with FTND score data.
participantsSamples of smokers were identified through systematic literature searches, web queries and colleagues. Smokers were considered representative of their country's smoking population if they were drawn from population-based sources, were not seeking smoking cessation treatment and did not have significant comorbidities. Smoking prevalence data were derived from the study itself or the country's population rate of daily smoking for the study year. MEASUREMENTS: A Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the direction and magnitude of the correlation between FTND score and smoking prevalence across countries.
findingsFTND scores ranged from 2.8 to 4.6. Smokers in Germany and Norway had the lowest FTND scores, while smokers in Sweden and the United States had the highest FTND scores. The prevalence of daily smoking in these countries was very different: 37% and 30% in Germany and Norway, 19% and 16% in the United States and Sweden, respectively. An inverse correlation towards higher FTND scores in countries with lower smoking prevalence was found (r=-0.73, P=0.001). Current smokers had higher FTND scores than former smokers.
conclusionsThe significant inverse correlation between FTND score and smoking prevalence across countries and higher FTND score among current smokers supports the idea that remaining smokers may be hardening. Less dependent smokers may quit more easily and remaining dependent smokers may need more intensive treatment.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.