ArticlePurinergic signalling2007
Extracellular NAD and ATP: Partners in immune cell modulation.
Article in Purinergic signalling, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 163 citations in OpenAlex.
- G-CSF and Exenatide Might Be Associated with Increased Long-Term Survival of Allogeneic Pancreatic Islet Grafts.PloS one · 2016 · on this mapTrial
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- Methodological guidelines for P2X receptor assays and data interpretation.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
- PlasmaMetabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2026Article
- Exocytosed ATP as a therapeutic target for inflammatory and metabolic diseases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Review
- Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages by PKM2 promotes IL-10 production via adenosine.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Perfusate Liver Arginase 1 Levels After End-Ischemic Machine Perfusion Are Associated with Early Allograft Dysfunction.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Purine-based infochemicals and immunometabolites: a comparative review of emerging signaling pathways in plants and animals.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Extracellular NADCommunications biology · 2024Article
- Pan-Cancer Analysis of ART1 and its Potential Value in Gastric Cancer.Journal of Cancer · 2024Article
- Article
- Metabolomic Footprint of Disrupted Energetics and Amino Acid Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Perspectives for Early Diagnosis and Monitoring of Therapy.Metabolites · 2023Review
- Optimized protocol for quantification of extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: evaluating clinical parameters and pre-analytical factors for translational research.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Tumour immune escape via P2X7 receptor signalling.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of NADH metabolism in HIV-1 infected cells and tissues.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Physiologic roles of P2 receptors in leukocytes.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2022Review
- Fueling genome maintenance: On the versatile roles of NADThe Journal of biological chemistry · 2022Review
- Comparative metabolomic analysis in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of humans and in plasma and brain of mice following antidepressant-dose ketamine administration.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
- Hallmarks of Resistance to Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors.Cancer immunology research · 2022Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular NAD and ATP exert multiple, partially overlapping effects on immune cells. Catabolism of both nucleotides by extracellular enzymes keeps extracellular concentrations low under steady-state conditions and generates metabolites that are themselves signal transducers. ATP and its metabolites signal through purinergic P2 and P1 receptors, whereas extracellular NAD exerts its effects by serving as a substrate for ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) and NAD glycohydrolases/ADPR cyclases like CD38 and CD157. Both nucleotides activate the P2X7 purinoceptor, although by different mechanisms and with different characteristics. While ATP activates P2X7 directly as a soluble ligand, activation via NAD occurs by ART-dependent ADP-ribosylation of cell surface proteins, providing an immobilised ligand. P2X7 activation by either route leads to phosphatidylserine exposure, shedding of CD62L, and ultimately to cell death. Activation by ATP requires high micromolar concentrations of nucleotide and is readily reversible, whereas NAD-dependent stimulation begins at low micromolar concentrations and is more stable. Under conditions of cell stress or inflammation, ATP and NAD are released into the extracellular space from intracellular stores by lytic and non-lytic mechanisms, and may serve as "danger signals" to alert the immune response to tissue damage. Since ART expression is limited to naïve/resting T cells, P2X7-mediated NAD-induced cell death (NICD) specifically targets this cell population. In inflamed tissue, NICD may inhibit bystander activation of unprimed T cells, reducing the risk of autoimmunity. In draining lymph nodes, NICD may eliminate regulatory T cells or provide space for the preferential expansion of primed cells, and thus help to augment an immune response.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.