ArticleBiophysical journal2008
Equinatoxin II permeabilizing activity depends on the presence of sphingomyelin and lipid phase coexistence.
Article in Biophysical journal, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Equinatoxin II: How a Cationic Pore-Forming Sea Anemone Toxin Drives Nodal Swelling of Myelinated Nerve Fibers.Marine drugs · 2026Article
- Through the holes: the biotechnological potential of actinoporins (and other PFPs).Biophysical reviews · 2026Review
- Adherent cells sustain membrane tension gradients independently of migration.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Pore Formation by Pore Forming Proteins in Lipid Membranes: Structural Insights Through Cryo-EM.The Journal of membrane biology · 2025Review
- The minimal membrane requirements for BAX-induced pore opening upon exposure to oxidative stress.Biophysical journal · 2024Article
- Antiviral activity of the host defense peptide piscidin 1: investigating a membrane-mediated mode of action.Frontiers in chemistry · 2024Article
- The Functionality of Membrane-Inserting Proteins and Peptides: Curvature Sensing, Generation, and Pore Formation.The Journal of membrane biology · 2023Review
- Electrochemiluminescence Imaging of Liposome Permeabilization by an Antimicrobial Peptide: Melittin.Chemical & biomedical imaging · 2023Article
- The Important Role of Membrane Fluidity on the Lytic Mechanism of the α-Pore-Forming Toxin Sticholysin I.Toxins · 2023Article
- Neurotoxins and pore forming toxins in sea anemones: Potential candidates for new drug development.Histology and histopathology · 2023Review
- Sea Anemones, Actinoporins, and Cholesterol.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Lipids in Pathophysiology and Development of the Membrane Lipid Therapy: New Bioactive Lipids.Membranes · 2021Review
- Article
- Beyond pore formation: reorganization of the plasma membrane induced by pore-forming proteins.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2021Review
- Lipid interactions of an actinoporin pore-forming oligomer.Biophysical journal · 2021Article
- Functional and Structural Variation among Sticholysins, Pore-Forming Proteins from the Sea AnemoneInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Differential Fractionation of Erythrocytes Infected byBio-protocol · 2020Article
- Elastic deformations mediate interaction of the raft boundary with membrane inclusions leading to their effective lateral sorting.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Pore-Forming Proteins from Cnidarians and Arachnids as Potential Biotechnological Tools.Toxins · 2019Article
- Sticholysin, Sphingomyelin, and Cholesterol: A Closer Look at a Tripartite Interaction.Biophysical journal · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Equinatoxin II is a pore-forming protein of the actinoporin family. After membrane binding, it inserts its N-terminal alpha-helix and forms a protein/lipid pore. Equinatoxin II activity depends on the presence of sphingomyelin in the target membrane; however, the role of this specificity is unknown. On the other hand, sphingomyelin is considered an essential ingredient of lipid rafts and promotes liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered phase separation in model membranes that mimic raft composition. Here, we used giant unilamellar vesicles to simultaneously investigate the effect of sphingomyelin and phase separation on the membrane binding and permeabilizing activity of Equinatoxin II. Our results show that Equinatoxin II binds preferentially to the liquid-ordered phase over the liquid-disordered one and that it tends to concentrate at domain interfaces. In addition, sphingomyelin strongly enhances membrane binding of the toxin but is not sufficient for membrane permeabilization. Under the same experimental conditions, Equinatoxin II formed pores in giant unilamellar vesicles containing sphingomyelin only when liquid-ordered and -disordered phases coexisted. Our observations demonstrate the importance of phase boundaries for Equinatoxin II activity and suggest a double role of sphingomyelin as a specific receptor for the toxin and as a promoter of the membrane organization necessary for Equinatoxin II action.
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