ReviewBritish journal of pharmacology2008
Growth hormone, IGF-I and insulin and their abuse in sport.
Review in British journal of pharmacology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 186 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review: Does Exercise Training Influence Ghrelin Levels?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Detection of the GH Analogue Redalsomatropin Alfa in Sports Drug Testing: Immunological Approaches and LC-HRMS/MS.Drug testing and analysis · 2026Article
- Detection of the GH analog somatrogon in sports drug testing: Immunological approaches and LC-HRMS/MS.Drug testing and analysis · 2025Article
- Anesthetic Considerations in Athletes: A Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Article
- Metabolic Consequences of Anabolic Steroids, Insulin, and Growth Hormone Abuse in Recreational Bodybuilders: Implications for the World Anti-Doping Agency Passport.Sports medicine - open · 2024Article
- Detection of synthetic analogues of insulin-like growth factor 1 in different biological fluids by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry: comparison of different immunoaffinity protocols.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2023Article
- Review
- The Other Face of Insulin-Overdose and Its Effects.Toxics · 2022Review
- Article
- Prevalence of Prohibited Substance Use and Methods by Female Athletes: Evidence of Gender-Related Differences.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Bioactive peptides identification and nutritional status ameliorating properties on malnourished rats of combined eel and soy-based tempe flour.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Metabolomic signatures in elite cyclists: differential characterization of a seeming normal endocrine status regarding three serum hormones.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2021Article
- An Abductive Inference Approach to Assess the Performance-Enhancing Effects of Drugs Included on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Review
- Potential role of insulin on the pathogenesis of depression.Cell proliferation · 2020Review
- Treatments for people who use anabolic androgenic steroids: a scoping review.Harm reduction journal · 2019Article
- [Doping in elite and popular sport : What orthopedic and trauma surgeons should know].Der Orthopade · 2019Article
- Diazonium-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Immunosensing Growth Hormone in Blood Samples.Biosensors · 2019Article
- Use of growth hormone, IGF-I, and insulin for anabolic purpose: Pharmacological basis, methods of detection, and adverse effects.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2018Review
- Supra-physiological rhGH administration induces gender-related differences in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in healthy individuals.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is widespread anecdotal evidence that growth hormone (GH) is used by athletes for its anabolic and lipolytic properties. Although there is little evidence that GH improves performance in young healthy adults, randomized controlled studies carried out so far are inadequately designed to demonstrate this, not least because GH is often abused in combination with anabolic steroids and insulin. Some of the anabolic actions of GH are mediated through the generation of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and it is believed that this is also being abused. Athletes are exposing themselves to potential harm by self-administering large doses of GH, IGF-I and insulin. The effects of excess GH are exemplified by acromegaly. IGF-I may mediate and cause some of these changes, but in addition, IGF-I may lead to profound hypoglycaemia, as indeed can insulin. Although GH is on the World Anti-doping Agency list of banned substances, the detection of abuse with GH is challenging. Two approaches have been developed to detect GH abuse. The first is based on an assessment of the effect of exogenous recombinant human GH on pituitary GH isoforms and the second is based on the measurement of markers of GH action. As a result, GH abuse can be detected with reasonable sensitivity and specificity. Testing for IGF-I and insulin is in its infancy, but the measurement of markers of GH action may also detect IGF-I usage, while urine mass spectroscopy has begun to identify the use of insulin analogues.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.