ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2008
Antigen kinetics determines immune reactivity.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
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- Article
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- Engineering gene expression dynamics via self-amplifying RNA with drug-responsive non-structural proteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Intranodal injection of neoantigen-bearing engineeredActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Article
- Modulating Adjuvant Release Kinetics From Scaffold Vaccines to Tune Adaptive Immune Responses.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- A long-term stable cold-chain-friendly HIV mRNA vaccine encoding multi-epitope viral protease cleavage site immunogens inducing immunogen-specific protective T cell immunity.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- A dual-STING-activating nanosystem expands cancer immunotherapeutic temporal window.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- Intra-lymph node crosslinking of antigen-bearing polymers enhances humoral immunity and dendritic cell activation.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2024Article
- Adjuvanted Modified Bacterial Antigens for Single-Dose Vaccines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Two-dose priming immunization amplifies humoral immunity by synchronizing vaccine delivery with the germinal center response.Science immunology · 2024Article
- Preclinical Evaluation of Novel Sterically Optimized VLP-Based Vaccines against All Four DENV Serotypes.Vaccines · 2024Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A current paradigm in immunology is that the strength of T cell responses is governed by antigen dose, localization, and costimulatory signals. This study investigates the influence of antigen kinetics on CD8 T cell responses in mice. A fixed cumulative antigen dose was administered by different schedules to produce distinct dose-kinetics. Antigenic stimulation increasing exponentially over days was a stronger stimulus for CD8 T cells and antiviral immunity than a single dose or multiple dosing with daily equal doses. The same was observed for dendritic cell vaccination, with regard to T cell and anti-tumor responses, and for T cells stimulated in vitro. In conclusion, stimulation kinetics per se was shown to be a separate parameter of immunogenicity. These findings warrant a revision of current immunization models and have implications for vaccine development and immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.