ArticleThyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association2008
Introducing the thyroid gland as another victim of the insulin resistance syndrome.
Article in Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04298684 (Efficacy of Metformin Versus Sitagliptin on Benign Thyroid Nodules Size in Type 2 Diabetes), which is not on this map. Cited by 99 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy of Metformin Versus Sitagliptin on Benign Thyroid Nodules Size in Type 2 Diabetes: a 2-years Prospective Multicentric Study
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 227 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the relationship between metabolic syndrome and the incidence of thyroid diseases.Endocrine · 2024Pooled it
- Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and incident diabetes: a systematic review and an individual participant data analysis of prospective cohort studies.European journal of endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Metformin and thyroid carcinoma incidence and prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The Relationship and Gender Disparity Between Thyroid Nodules and Metabolic Syndrome Components Based on a Recent Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Pooled it
- Association of diabetes mellitus with thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis of cohort studies.Medicine · 2017Pooled it
- Metformin Decreases Thyroid Volume and Nodule Size in Subjects with Insulin Resistance: A Preliminary Study.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2016Trial
- Article
- Association of Central Obesity and Diabetes with Thyroid Nodules: A 3.2-year Prospective Study in Chinese Adults.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Global burden of thyroid cancer in males: a comprehensive analysis of incidence, mortality, and risk factors from 1990 to 2040.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Global burden of thyroid cancer attributable to metabolic risk factors in women of reproductive age (20-49 years): a GBD 2021 cross-national analysis with projections to 2050.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- The impact of insulin resistance on thyroid function and the prevalence of thyroid follicular nodular disease in pregnant women.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive Mendelian Randomization Study Investigating Multiple Exposures and Outcomes: Focusing on Nontoxic Goitre and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Clinical endocrinology · 2025Article
- Ultrasonic Imaging of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Metabolic Syndrome with and without Thyroid Nodules: A Case-Control Patient-Based Study.Advanced biomedical research · 2025Article
- Nomogram Prediction Model of Thyroid Nodule in Healthcare Professionals: Based on Physical and Psychological Risk Factors.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2025Article
- Article
- The association between BMI and BRAFV600E mutation may differ by primary tumor size.European thyroid journal · 2024Article
- Implications of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist on Thyroid Function: A Literature Review of Its Effects on Thyroid Volume, Risk of Cancer, Functionality and TSH Levels.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Thyroid cancer and insulin resistance.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2024Review
- Machine learning to predict the occurrence of thyroid nodules: towards a quantitative approach for judicious utilization of thyroid ultrasonography.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInsulin is a thyroid growth factor that stimulates proliferation of thyroid cells in culture. In order to evaluate the effects of insulin resistance (IR) on the thyroid gland, we developed a prospective study in euthyroid women.
methodsOne hundred eleven women (mean age 32.2 +/- 7 years) were evaluated by a thyroid ultrasound (US) and basal and postprandial serum insulin. Subjects were divided into four groups as follows: G1 (n = 42), subjects with IR and obesity; G2 (n = 21), subjects with obesity without IR; G3 (n = 17), subjects with IR and normal weight; and G4 (n = 31) control group (without IR and obesity).
resultsThe thyroid volume (TV), measured by US, showed the following values: G1, 17 +/- 3 mL; G2, 13.8 +/- 2.8 mL; G3, 16.2 +/- 2.1 mL; and G4,12.1 +/- 2.4 mL. There was no significant difference in TV between G1 and G3, but differences between G1 and G2, and between G3 and G4 were significant at p < 0.05. The percentage of nodular thyroid glands observed by US in each group was as follows: G1, 50%; G2, 23.8%; G3, 61%; G4, 16.1%. Again, the differences between G1 and G2 and between G3 and G4 were statistically significant (p < 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively, for each comparison).
conclusionsIt is concluded that the higher circulating levels of insulin cause increased thyroid proliferation. The clinical manifestations are the larger thyroid volume and the formation of nodules. Thus, the thyroid gland appears to be another victim of the insulin resistance syndrome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.