ReviewTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene2008
The enhancement of arbovirus transmission and disease by mosquito saliva is associated with modulation of the host immune response.
Review in Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 150 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
150 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 266 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunology of vector-borne diseases: the role of immunopharmacology in controlling viral and parasitic infections.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Evaluation of cutaneous immune response in a controlled human in vivo model of mosquito bites.Nature communications · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Small extracellular vesicles from DENV2-infected C6/36 cells show viral infectionEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Molecular exploration of mosquitoes and their vector-borne pathogens in urban water environments in Benin.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Brain endothelial cells orchestrate a neuroprotective antiviral state in the CNS in response to peripheral viral pattern sensing.Immunity · 2026Article
- Longitudinal analysis of viral and host RNA in blood and saliva during controlled human dengue virus 3 infections.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Aedes aegypti salivary gland extract enhances Zika virus replication through immune modulation.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2026Article
- Outbreak and epidemic of Getah virus infection in swine by virulence-enhanced GIII variant in Henan, central China in 2024.Virulence · 2025Article
- Prevalence of culicine salivary antibodies in non-human primates living in national parks in Thailand.Medical and veterinary entomology · 2025Article
- Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Mosquito Salivary Proteins: New Frontiers in Disease Transmission and Control.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Characterization of Mosquito Salivary Components.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Suitable Mouse Model to Study Dynamics of West Nile Virus Infection inTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Lessons Learned from West Nile Virus Infection:Vaccinations in Equines and Their Implications for One Health Approaches.Viruses · 2024Review
- Evaluation of vector susceptibility inmSphere · 2024Article
- Article
- A historical perspective on arboviruses of public health interest in Southern Africa.Pathogens and global health · 2024Review
- Response of the mosquito immune system and symbiotic bacteria to pathogen infection.Parasites & vectors · 2024Review
90 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Arthropod-borne (arbo-) viruses have emerged as a major human health concern. Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes are the cause of the most serious and widespread arbovirus diseases worldwide and are ubiquitous in both feral and urban settings. Arboviruses, including dengue and West Nile virus, are injected into vertebrates within mosquito saliva during mosquito feeding. Mosquito saliva contains anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that facilitate the acquisition of a blood meal. Collectively, studies investigating the effects of mosquito saliva on the vertebrate immune response suggest that at high concentrations salivary proteins are immmunosuppressive, whereas lower concentrations modulate the immune response; specifically, T(H)1 and antiviral cytokines are downregulated, while T(H)2 cytokines are unaffected or amplified. As a consequence, mosquito saliva can impair the antiviral immune response, thus affecting viral infectiousness and host survival. Mounting evidence suggests that this is a mechanism whereby arbovirus pathogenicity is enhanced. In a range of disease models, including various hosts, mosquito species and arthropod-borne viruses, mosquito saliva and/or feeding is associated with a potentiation of virus infection. Compared with arbovirus infection initiated in the absence of the mosquito or its saliva, infection via mosquito saliva leads to an increase in virus transmission, host susceptibility, viraemia, disease progression and mortality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.