ArticleBritish journal of cancer2008
Parity and breastfeeding are protective against breast cancer in Nigerian women.
Article in British journal of cancer, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04862975 (Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral Drugs in Lactating Women and Breastmilk Fed Infants Under 6 Months of Age in Botswana), which is not on this map. Cited by 60 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral Drugs in Lactating Women and Breastmilk Fed Infants Under 6 Months of Age in Botswana
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- Abrupt involution induces inflammation, estrogenic signaling, and hyperplasia linking lack of breastfeeding with increased risk of breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2019Pooled it
- Birth cohort differences in reproductive and lifestyle breast cancer risk factors among women in the Nigerian breast cancer study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Association of cumulative lifetime estrogen exposure and reproductive factors with breast cancer molecular subtype among Nigerian women in the MEND study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Expression Levels of DNMT1, HDAC1, and MT1E Genes as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Clinicopathological Features: In Vitro and In Silico Analyses.Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) · 2026Article
- Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: gestational weight gain impact and nomogram validation.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Genetic and Nongenetic Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Risk Estimation.JAMA network open · 2025Observational
- Exploration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Comprehensive Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Based on Molecular Pathological Mechanism.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2025Review
- Benign breast disease and breast cancer risk in African women: a case-control study.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2024Article
- A Narrative Review of Breastfeeding and Its Correlation With Breast Cancer: Current Understanding and Outcomes.Cureus · 2023Review
- Article
- Validation of the Nigerian Breast Cancer Study Model for Predicting Individual Breast Cancer Risk in Cameroon and Uganda.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Reproductive factors and the risk of breast cancer among Nigerian women by age and oestrogen receptor status.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2022Article
- Factors associated with breast disorders detected by clinical breast examination during pregnancy and six months postpartum in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria.Journal of public health in Africa · 2022Article
- Axillary nodal metastasis and resection margins as predictors of Loco Regional Recurrence in Breast Cancer Patients.African health sciences · 2022Article
- Early life adversity, reproductive history and breast cancer risk.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2022Article
- Whole-genome analysis of Nigerian patients with breast cancer reveals ethnic-driven somatic evolution and distinct genomic subtypes.Nature communications · 2021Observational
- Article
- The causal effect and impact of reproductive factors on breast cancer using super learner and targeted maximum likelihood estimation: a case-control study in Fars Province, Iran.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer by tumor subtypes among Ghanaian women: A population-based case-control study.International journal of cancer · 2020Article
- Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
As the relation between reproductive factors and breast cancer risk has not been systematically studied in indigenous women of sub-Saharan Africa, we examined this in a case-control study in Nigeria. In-person interviews were conducted using structured questionnaires to collect detailed reproductive history in 819 breast cancer cases and 569 community controls between 1998 and 2006. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Compared with women with menarcheal age<17 years, the adjusted OR for women with menarcheal age>or=17 years was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.54-0.95, P=0.02). Parity was negatively associated with risk (P-trend=0.02) but age at first live birth was not significant (P=0.16). Importantly, breast cancer risk decreased by 7% for every 12 months of breastfeeding (P-trend=0.005). It is worth noting that the distribution of reproductive risk factors changed significantly from early to late birth cohorts in the direction of increasing breast cancer incidence. Our findings also highlight the heterogeneity of breast cancer aetiology across populations, and indicate the need for further studies among indigenous sub-Saharan women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.