ReviewJournal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia2008
Prolactin and breast cancer etiology: an epidemiologic perspective.
Review in Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predicting radiological regression in benign breast hyperplasia: the prolactin-to-estradiol ratio as a prognostic biomarker.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Parity, breastfeeding, and the risk of early-onset breast cancer in women with a BRCA1 pathogenic variant.British journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: Toxicologic mechanism and the increased breast cancer risk.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- PARP Pioneers: Using BRCA1/2 Mutation-targeted Inhibition to Revolutionize Breast Cancer Treatment.Current pharmaceutical design · 2025Review
- Article
- Application of the Key Characteristics Framework to Identify Potential Breast Carcinogens Using Publicly AvailableEnvironmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Prolactin-activated PAK1 potentiates estrogen response to breast cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and invasion.microPublication biology · 2024Article
- Prolactin-induced tyrosyl phosphorylation of PAK1 facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition.microPublication biology · 2024Article
- Unique Transcriptomic Changes Underlie Hormonal Interactions During Mammary Histomorphogenesis in Female Pigs.Endocrinology · 2022Article
- Mice with gene alterations in the GH and IGF family.Pituitary · 2022Review
- Prolactin: The Third Hormone in Breast Cancer.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Prolactin receptor gene transcriptional control, regulatory modalities relevant to breast cancer resistance and invasiveness.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Terminal differentiation and anti-tumorigenic effects of prolactin in breast cancer.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Review
- Pregnancy Inhibits Mammary Carcinogenesis by Persistently Altering the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis.Cancers · 2021Article
- Investigation of Physiological Effects Induced by Dehydroepiandrosterone in Human Endothelial Cells and Ovarian Cancer Cell LineTurkish journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2021Article
- Genetically predicted bipolar disorder is causally associated with an increased risk of breast cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.Annals of translational medicine · 2021Article
- Article
- Reciprocal fine-tuning of progesterone and prolactin-regulated gene expression in breast cancer cells.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2020Article
- Hyperprolactinaemia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2019Review
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A number of epidemiologic studies of prolactin and breast cancer etiology have recently become available. Retrospective case-control studies have suggested a modest positive or null relationship between circulating prolactin concentrations and risk of breast cancer. However these studies are limited by small sample sizes and the collection of blood after case diagnosis. Several large prospective studies, in which blood was collected prior to diagnosis, have observed modest positive associations between prolactin and risk. In a pooled analysis of approximately 80% of the world's prospective data, the relative risk (RR) comparing women in the top vs bottom quartile of prolactin levels was 1.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 1.6, p-trend = 0.002). The results were similar for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Most notably, high prolactin levels were associated with a 60% increased risk of estrogen receptor (ER) positive tumors, but not with ER negative tumors. Limited genetic data suggest a role of polymorphisms in the prolactin and prolactin receptor genes in risk of breast cancer. Studies of survival have suggested that high pretreatment prolactin levels were associated with treatment failure, earlier recurrence, and worse overall survival. Parity and certain medications are the only confirmed factors associated with prolactin levels in women. Overall, epidemiologic data suggest that prolactin is involved in breast cancer etiology. Further research to better elucidate these associations and their underlying mechanisms is warranted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.