ArticleBMC genomics2008
Evolution of the chicken Toll-like receptor gene family: a story of gene gain and gene loss.
Article in BMC genomics, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 121 papers.
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Who cites it
121 citing papers in PubMed, 325 citations in OpenAlex.
- Innate immunity: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
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- The Potential of Chlorogenic Acid in Regulating Oxidative Damage, Lipid Metabolism, and Inflammation in Chickens: A Comprehensive Review.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Absence of Toll-like Receptor 21 (Biology · 2026Article
- Multidimensional regulatory mechanisms of chicken immunity: focus on viral infection, intestinal microbiota and heat stress.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Embryonic thermal manipulation improved early cecal microbial diversity, metabolic pathways, and immunity in broiler chickens.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Pattern recognition receptors and inflammasome: Now and beyond.Molecules and cells · 2025Review
- Pattern recognition receptors: function, regulation and therapeutic potential.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Updates on Toll-Like Receptor 10 Research.European journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Human coronaviruses: activation and antagonism of innate immune responses.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Resiquimod induces a mixed Th1 and Th2 response via STAT1 and STAT3 signalling in chickens.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Effects of glyphosate, antibiotics, and an anticoccidial drug on pancreatic gene expression and blood physiology in broilers.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Article
- Changes in Expression of Key Genes in Ceca of Chicken Broilers as Affected by Glyphosate, Antibiotics and a Coccidiostat.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Approaches to Enhance the Potency of Vaccines in Chickens.Vaccines · 2024Review
- The Knob Domain of the Fiber-1 Protein Affects the Replication of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Rationally designed Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine using a recombinant subunit approach.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Gene Family Expansion during the Adaptation ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Review
61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundToll-like receptors (TLRs) perform a vital role in disease resistance through their recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Recent advances in genomics allow comparison of TLR genes within and between many species. This study takes advantage of the recently sequenced chicken genome to determine the complete chicken TLR repertoire and place it in context of vertebrate genomic evolution.
resultsThe chicken TLR repertoire consists of ten genes. Phylogenetic analyses show that six of these genes have orthologs in mammals and fish, while one is only shared by fish and three appear to be unique to birds. Furthermore the phylogeny shows that TLR1-like genes arose independently in fish, birds and mammals from an ancestral gene also shared by TLR6 and TLR10. All other TLRs were already present prior to the divergence of major vertebrate lineages 550 Mya (million years ago) and have since been lost in certain lineages. Phylogenetic analysis shows the absence of TLRs 8 and 9 in chicken to be the result of gene loss. The notable exception to the tendency of gene loss in TLR evolution is found in chicken TLRs 1 and 2, each of which underwent gene duplication about 147 and 65 Mya, respectively.
conclusionComparative phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate TLR genes provides insight into their patterns and processes of gene evolution, with examples of both gene gain and gene loss. In addition, these comparisons clarify the nomenclature of TLR genes in vertebrates.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.