ReviewClinical reviews in allergy & immunology2008
Infections and autoimmunity: a panorama.
Review in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbial dysbiosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a scientometric study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Pooled it
- Autoantibody-Targeted Treatments for Acute Exacerbations of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Primary biliary cirrhosis and rheumatoid arthritis: a comprehensive study combining genetics and transcriptomics.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2026Article
- Autoimmune nodopathy associated with Sjögren's disease and nephrotic syndrome: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune responses to infection and autoimmune diseases in the UK biobank.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Article
- Editorial for Special Issue: Microbial and Autoimmune Disease.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Article
- Review
- Autoimmunity, inflammation, and dysbiosis mutually govern the transition from the preclinical to the clinical stage of rheumatoid arthritis.Immunologic research · 2018Review
- The vitamin D receptor and the etiology of RANTES/CCL-expressive fatty-degenerative osteolysis of the jawbone: an interface between osteoimmunology and bone metabolism.International journal of general medicine · 2018Article
- Liver cystic echinococcosis and human host immune and autoimmune follow-up: A review.World journal of hepatology · 2017Review
- Autoimmunity to Vimentin Is Associated with Outcomes of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2017Article
- Microbes and Viruses Are Bugging the Gut in Celiac Disease. Are They Friends or Foes?Frontiers in microbiology · 2017Review
- Apoptosis in response to microbial infection induces autoreactive TH17 cells.Nature immunology · 2016Article
- A case of primary biliary cirrhosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.Clinical case reports · 2016Article
- Fibrosis: ultimate and proximate causes.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2014Review
- Autoreactivity to glucose regulated protein 78 links emphysema and osteoporosis in smokers.PloS one · 2014Article
- Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases: from bread baking to autoimmunity.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2013Review
- Tracing environmental markers of autoimmunity: introducing the infectome.Immunologic research · 2013Review
- Infectome: a platform to trace infectious triggers of autoimmunity.Autoimmunity reviews · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
For more than 2,000 years, it was thought that malignant spirits caused diseases. By the end of nineteenth century, these beliefs were displaced by more modern concepts of disease, namely, the formulation of the "germ theory," which asserted that bacteria or other microorganisms caused disease. With the emergence of chronic degenerative and of autoimmune diseases in the last century, the causative role of microorganisms has been intensely debated; however, no clear explanatory models have been achieved. In this review, we examine the current available literature regarding the relationships between infections and 16 autoimmune diseases. We critically analyzed clinical, serological, and molecular associations, and reviewed experimental models of induction of and, alternatively, protection from autoimmune diseases by infection. After reviewing several studies and reports, a clinical and experimental pattern emerges: Chronic and multiple infections with viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, and bacteria, such as H. pylori, may, in susceptible individuals, play a role in the evolvement of autoimmune diseases. As the vast majority of infections pertain to our resident microbiota and endogenous retroviruses and healthy carriage of infections is the rule, we propose to focus on understanding the mechanisms of this healthy carrier state and what changes its configurations to infectious syndromes, to the restoration of health, or to the sustaining of illness into a chronic state and/or autoimmune disease. It seems that in the development of this healthy carriage state, the infection or colonization in early stages of ontogenesis with key microorganisms, also called 'old friends' (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria among others), are important for the healthy living and for the protection from infectious and autoimmune syndromes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.