ArticleEnvironmental geochemistry and health2008
Chronic renal failure among farm families in cascade irrigation systems in Sri Lanka associated with elevated dietary cadmium levels in rice and freshwater fish (Tilapia).
Article in Environmental geochemistry and health, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 237 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review.Journal of global health · 2022Pooled it
- Pesticide exposures and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology: an epidemiologic review.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2017Pooled it
- Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka.International journal of occupational and environmental health · 2016Pooled it
- CKD of Uncertain Etiology: A Systematic Review.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2016Pooled it
- Escalating chronic kidney diseases of multi-factorial origin in Sri Lanka: causes, solutions, and recommendations.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2014Pooled it
- Trial
- Chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in Sri Lanka: is cadmium a likely cause?BMC nephrology · 2011Trial
- Longitudinal Nephrotoxic Metal Exposure in a Cohort of Farm Workers in Sonora, Mexico.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine · 2025Article
- Longitudinal associations and interactions of heat and metal(loid) exposure with kidney outcomes in Mexican agricultural workers.Environmental research · 2025Article
- The silent epidemic of CKDu: advances, challenges, and strategies for sustainable eradication-a narrative review.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2025Review
- Application of soil amendments to reduce the transfer of trace metal elements from contaminated soils of Lubumbashi (Democratic Republic of the Congo) to vegetables.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2024Article
- Glyphosate and fluoride in high-hardness drinking water are positively associated with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka.Environmental science & technology letters · 2023Article
- Major and trace elements in rice paddy soils in Sri Lanka with special emphasis on regions with endemic chronic kidney disease of undetermined origin.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2022Article
- Environmental metal exposures and kidney function of Guatemalan sugarcane workers.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2022Article
- Assessing the fractionation and bioavailability of heavy metals in soil-rice system and the associated health risk.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2022Article
- Kidney Cadmium Concentrations in an Urban Sri Lankan Population: an Autopsy Study.Biological trace element research · 2021Article
- Review
- Heavy metal(loid)s and health risk assessment of Dambulla vegetable market in Sri Lanka.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2021Article
- A Comparative Assessment of Trace Element Accumulation in Native and Improved Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties Grown Under Different Conditions of Fertilizer Application.Biological trace element research · 2021Article
- Cadmium, Chromium, and Lead Uptake Associated Health Risk Assessment ofJournal of toxicology · 2021Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF), in the main agricultural region under reservoir based cascade irrigation in Sri Lanka has reached crisis proportion. Over 5,000 patients in the region are under treatment for CRF. The objective of this study is to establish the etiology of the CRF. Concentrations of nine heavy metals were determined in sediments, soils of reservoir peripheries, water and Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) grown in five major reservoirs that supply irrigation water. All five reservoirs carried higher levels of dissolved cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe) and lead (Pb). Dissolved Cd in reservoir water ranged from 0.03 to 0.06 mg/l. Sediment Cd concentration was 1.78-2.45 mg/kg. No arsenic (As) was detected. Cd content in lotus rhizomes was 253.82 mg/kg. The Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of Cd based on extreme exposure of rice is 8.702-15.927 microg/kg body weight (BW) for different age groups, 5-50 years. The PTWI of Cd due to extreme exposure of fish is 6.773-12.469 microg/kg BW. The PTWI on a rice staple with fish is 15.475-28.396 microg/kg BW. The mean urinary cadmium (UCd) concentration in CRF patients of age group 40-60 years was 7.58 microg Cd/g creatinine and in asymptomatic persons UCd was 11.62 microg Cd/g creatinine, indicating a chronic exposure to Cd. The possible source of Cd in reservoir sediments and water is Cd-contaminated agrochemicals. The CRF prevalent in north central Sri Lanka is a result of chronic dietary intake of Cd, supported by high natural levels of fluoride in drinking water, coupled with neglecting of routine de-silting of reservoirs for the past 20 years.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.