Trial reportThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2008
Acyl and total ghrelin are suppressed strongly by ingested proteins, weakly by lipids, and biphasically by carbohydrates.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 125 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
125 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 293 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Endogenous Ghrelin Levels and Perception of Hunger: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Pooled it
- The effect of acute exercise on pre-prandial ghrelin levels in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Peptides · 2021Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of meal intake on postprandial appetite-related gastrointestinal hormones in obese children.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2016Pooled it
- Acute exercise and hormones related to appetite regulation: a meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2014Pooled it
- Acute effects of high-protein versus normal-protein isocaloric meals on satiety and ghrelin.European journal of nutrition · 2014Pooled it
- Gut-derived appetite hormones do not explain energy intake differences in humans following low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2024Trial
- Post-weight loss changes in fasting appetite- and energy balance-related hormone concentrations and the effect of the macronutrient content of a weight maintenance diet: a randomised controlled trial.European journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- LEAP2 changes with body mass and food intake in humans and mice.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2019Trial
- Effect of Macronutrient Composition on Appetite Hormone Responses in Adolescents with Obesity.Nutrients · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Unacylated ghrelin and obestatin: promising biomarkers of protein energy wasting in children with chronic kidney disease.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2018Trial
- Trial
- A high carbohydrate, but not fat or protein meal attenuates postprandial ghrelin, PYY and GLP-1 responses in Chinese men.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Plasma acyl-ghrelin increases after meal initiation: a new insight.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2016Trial
- Carbohydrate-rich breakfast attenuates glycaemic, insulinaemic and ghrelin response to ad libitum lunch relative to morning fasting in lean adults.The British journal of nutrition · 2015Trial
- The effect of an egg breakfast on satiety in children and adolescents: a randomized crossover trial.Journal of the American College of Nutrition · 2015Trial
- Carbohydrate feeding dissociates the postprandial FGF19 response from circulating bile acid levels in humans.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2014Trial
- Carbohydrate modified diet & insulin sensitizers reduce body weight & modulate metabolic syndrome measures in EMPOWIR (enhance the metabolic profile of women with insulin resistance): a randomized trial of normoglycemic women with midlife weight gain.PloS one · 2014 · on this mapTrial
- High protein intake stimulates postprandial GLP1 and PYY release.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2013Trial
65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextGhrelin is an orexigenic hormone that can increase body weight. Its circulating levels increase before meals and are suppressed after food ingestion. Understanding the effects of specific types of ingested macronutrients on ghrelin regulation could facilitate the design of weight-reducing diets.
objectiveWe sought to understand how ingestion of carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids affect acyl (bioactive) and total ghrelin levels among human subjects, hypothesizing that lipids might suppress ghrelin levels less effectively than do either carbohydrates or proteins.
designThis was a randomized, within-subjects cross-over study.
settingThe study was conducted at a University Clinical Research Center.
participantsThere were 16 healthy human subjects included in the study.
interventionsIsocaloric, isovolemic beverages composed primarily of carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids were provided.
main outcome measuresThe magnitude of postprandial suppression of total and acyl ghrelin levels (measured with a novel acyl-selective, two-site ELISA) was determined.
resultsAll beverages suppressed plasma acyl and total ghrelin levels. A significant effect of macronutrient class on decremental area under the curve for both acyl and total ghrelin was observed; the rank order for magnitude of suppression was protein more than carbohydrate more than lipid. Total ghrelin nadir levels were significantly lower after both carbohydrate and protein, compared with lipid beverages. In the first 3 postprandial hours, the rank order for acyl and total ghrelin suppression was carbohydrate more than protein more than lipid. In the subsequent 3 h, there was a marked rebound above preprandial values of acyl and total ghrelin after carbohydrate ingestion alone.
conclusionsThese findings suggest possible mechanisms contributing to the effects of high-protein/low-carbohydrate diets to promote weight loss, and high-fat diets to promote weight gain.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.