ReviewAnnual review of immunology2008
PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity.
Review in Annual review of immunology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 17 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 2,986 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase Ib-IIA Study of Combined Check Point Inhibition After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients at High Risk for Post-transplant Recurrence
Epidemiologic Multicenter Prospective Study in Advanced NSCLC Patients With PDL1 Expression : Evaluation of Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of PDL1 High Expression Patients Compared to Patients With a Weak or no Expression of PDL1.
Phase I Study of Single-agent and Combined Checkpoint Inhibition After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients at High Risk for Post-transplant Recurrence
An Open-label, Randomized Phase III Study of Early Switch Maintenance vs DElayed Second-line Nivolumab in Advanced Stage Squamous Non Small-cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients After Standard First-line Platinum-based Chemotherapy - EDEN Trial
The CONFRONT Phase I - II Trial: ACtivatiON oF Immune RespONse in paTients With R-M Head and Neck Cancer. Multimodality Immunotherapy With Avelumab, Short Course Radiotherapy and Cyclophosphamide in Head and Neck Cancer.
Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Phase II Clinical Trial of Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Anti-PD-1 Antibody Toripalimab Immunotherapy Combined With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for High-risk Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Pilot Study on PD-1 Inhibitors Consolidation After Standard First-line Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Extensive-stage Small Cell Lung Cancer
Toripalimab in Combination With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Local-regional Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: a Phase 3, Multicentre, Randomised Controlled Trial
Phase II Trial of Concurrent, Split Course Chemoradiation Followed by Durvalumab (MEDI4736) in Poor Risk and/or Elderly Patients With Newly Diagnosed Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Determination of Immune Check Point Levels in Paracentesis Samples of Gastrointestinal System Malignancy Cases
A Phase I Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of CKD-516 Tablet Combined With Durvalumab(MEDI4736) in Patient Refractory Solid Tumors
BRIDGE Trial: Phase II Trial of durvalumaB and chemotheRapy Induction Followed by Durvalumab and Radiotherapy in larGe volumE Stage III NSCLC
Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy With Toripalimab for Local-regional Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: a Prospective, Single-arm, Phase II Trial
A First-line Multi-center, Single-arm Exploratory Study Using Low-dose Radiotherapy (LDRT) Combined With Durvalumab (MEDI4736), Etoposide, and Cisplatin/Carboplatin for Patients With Extensive-stage Small Cell Lung Cancer
Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab Pre-Liver Transplantation for Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Beyond Milan Criteria: A Feasibility Study
Phase II, Two-cohorts, Randomized Trial Comparing Standard of Care Versus Immune- Based Combination in Relapsed Stage III Non-small-cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Pretreated With Chemoradiotherapy and Durvalumab (MEDI4736)
Immunotherapy in Combination With Ablative Radiosurgery to Ultra-high DoSes (ICARUS): A Phase I Dose-escalation Radiosurgery Study in Metastatic Cancers
Who cites it
2,986 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 5,272 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Research landscape, thematic evolution, and translational insights of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis: a bibliometric analysis (2006-2025).Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced triple-negative breast cancer: an umbrella meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review on the safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with stereotactic body radiotherapy in advanced pancreatic cancer.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with or without PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in locally advanced rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Dissecting the Tumor Microenvironment to Identify Biomarkers of Outcome to Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Analyses of the HCRN GU16-260 Trial.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Trial
- A Single Dose Study of Pembrolizumab in People With HIV Infection Who are Immunologic Nonresponders.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Integrative single-cell and spatial transcriptomic approaches to decipher the tumor microenvironment and therapeutic resistance in pancreatic cancer.Cancer biology & therapy · 2026Review
- Sialic acidOncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Telomere damage enhances immunogenicity of neuroblastoma and accelerates response to anti-PD-L1 treatment.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of tumor cell evasion from NK cell-mediated killing and advances in NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.Pharmaceutical science advances · 2026Review
- Review
- Laboratory Medicine in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Autoimmune Disorders: Baseline Assessment, Diagnostic Algorithms, Monitoring, and Predictive Biomarkers.Annals of laboratory medicine · 2026Review
- Resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: Mechanism and pharmacological strategies.Pharmacological research · 2026Review
- Article
- Soluble Immune Checkpoints and Anti-HLA Antibodies in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Associations With Kidney Function.Immunology · 2026Article
- The Cardio-Onco-Immune Axis: immunopathological mechanisms in the cardiac microenvironment of checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- Dendritic cell PD-L2 restrains intratumoral CD8bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Virobiome-mediated regulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling and neuroimmune homeostasis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- UV irradiation drives lineage-specific MITF-mediated transcription of PD-L1 to confer immune tolerance to UV-mutated melanocytes.Immunity · 2026Article
2,926 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, deliver inhibitory signals that regulate the balance between T cell activation, tolerance, and immunopathology. Immune responses to foreign and self-antigens require specific and balanced responses to clear pathogens and tumors and yet maintain tolerance. Induction and maintenance of T cell tolerance requires PD-1, and its ligand PD-L1 on nonhematopoietic cells can limit effector T cell responses and protect tissues from immune-mediated tissue damage. The PD-1:PD-L pathway also has been usurped by microorganisms and tumors to attenuate antimicrobial or tumor immunity and facilitate chronic infection and tumor survival. The identification of B7-1 as an additional binding partner for PD-L1, together with the discovery of an inhibitory bidirectional interaction between PD-L1 and B7-1, reveals new ways the B7:CD28 family regulates T cell activation and tolerance. In this review, we discuss current understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of PD-1 and its ligands and their therapeutic potential.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.