ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2008
Slow-wave sleep and the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 5 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 424 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Sleep, Metabolic, and Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
PCOS, Sleep Apnea and Metabolic Risk in Women
Sleep and Metabolism in Obesity: Impact of Gender
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiological Adaptations to Intermittent Hypoxia. Physiological Aspects and Expression of Receptors and Cellular Mediators
Efficiency of a Nursing Intervention in Sleep Hygiene in Prediabetes and Diabetes Mellitus 2
Who cites it
424 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 903 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of exercise interventions on EEG alpha power across different populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on glucose metabolism in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of sleep loss on pain-New conceptual and mechanistic avenues.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Sleep Duration/Quality With Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Prospective Studies.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Individual Insomnia Symptom and Increased Hazard Risk of Cardiocerebral Vascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- A Single Night in Hypoxia Either with or without Ketone Ester Ingestion Reduces Sleep Quality without Impacting Next-Day Exercise Performance.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2025Trial
- Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- A Week of Sleep Restriction Does Not Affect Nighttime Glucose Concentration in Healthy Adult Males When Slow-Wave Sleep Is Maintained.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Trial
- Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on glucose metabolism.European journal of endocrinology · 2022Trial
- Strengthening sleep-autonomic interaction via acoustic enhancement of slow oscillations.Sleep · 2019Trial
- Impact of earplugs and eye mask on sleep in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized study.Critical care (London, England) · 2017Trial
- Associations Between Measures of Sleep Health and Cognitive Function in Older Adults.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Metabolic Improvements Following Upper Airway Surgery in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Association of Airway Improvement with Insulin Resistance.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Glucose homeostasis during recurrent periods of sleep restriction and recovery in healthy young adults.Sleep · 2026Article
- Age-Related Differences in Sleep Measures Among Pediatric Patients With Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2026Article
- Gene-by-Sleep Duration Interaction for Glycemic Traits in over 480,000 Individuals.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The correlation between triglyceride-glucose index and the risk and severity of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a single-center cross-sectional study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Gestational Diabetes and Genetics:Genes · 2026Review
364 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is convincing evidence that, in humans, discrete sleep stages are important for daytime brain function, but whether any particular sleep stage has functional significance for the rest of the body is not known. Deep non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS), is thought to be the most "restorative" sleep stage, but beneficial effects of SWS for physical well being have not been demonstrated. The initiation of SWS coincides with hormonal changes that affect glucose regulation, suggesting that SWS may be important for normal glucose tolerance. If this were so, selective suppression of SWS should adversely affect glucose homeostasis and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Here we show that, in young healthy adults, all-night selective suppression of SWS, without any change in total sleep time, results in marked decreases in insulin sensitivity without adequate compensatory increase in insulin release, leading to reduced glucose tolerance and increased diabetes risk. SWS suppression reduced delta spectral power, the dominant EEG frequency range in SWS, and left other EEG frequency bands unchanged. Importantly, the magnitude of the decrease in insulin sensitivity was strongly correlated with the magnitude of the reduction in SWS. These findings demonstrate a clear role for SWS in the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, our data suggest that reduced sleep quality with low levels of SWS, as occurs in aging and in many obese individuals, may contribute to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.