ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2008
Myogenic growth factors can decrease extraocular muscle force generation: a potential biological approach to the treatment of strabismus.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of fibroblast growth factor 2 on muscle precursor cells from mouse limb and extraocular muscle.PloS one · 2026Article
- Effects of Short-Term Treatment of Rabbit Extraocular Muscle With Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Gene expression profiling of orbital muscles in treatment-resistant ophthalmoplegic myasthenia gravis.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2020Article
- Eye alignment changes caused by sustained GDNF treatment of an extraocular muscle in infant non-human primates.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Neural Plasticity Following Surgical Correction of Strabismus in Monkeys.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2018Article
- Establishment of an acute extraocular muscle injury model in cats.International journal of ophthalmology · 2018Article
- Changing muscle function with sustained glial derived neurotrophic factor treatment of rabbit extraocular muscle.PloS one · 2018Article
- Altered Protein Composition and Gene Expression in Strabismic Human Extraocular Muscles and Tendons.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2016Article
- Effects of sequential injections of hepatocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I on adult rabbit extraocular muscle.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · 2012Article
- A continuum of myofibers in adult rabbit extraocular muscle: force, shortening velocity, and patterns of myosin heavy chain colocalization.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2011Article
- Expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 isoforms in the rabbit oculomotor system.Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society · 2011Article
- Sustained release of bone morphogenetic protein-4 in adult rabbit extraocular muscle results in decreased force and muscle size: potential for strabismus treatment.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2011Article
- Childhood Onset Strabismus: A Neurotrophic Factor Hypothesis.Journal of binocular vision and ocular motilityArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeFuture pharmacologic treatment of strabismus may be optimized if drugs that are less potentially toxic to patients can be developed. Prior studies have shown that direct injection of extraocular muscles (EOMs) with insulin growth factor or fibroblast growth factor results in significant increases in the generation of EOM force. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphometric and physiological effects of direct EOM injection with the growth factors BMP4, TGFbeta1, Shh, and Wnt3A.
methodsOne superior rectus muscle of normal adult rabbits was injected with BMP4, TGFbeta1, Shh, or Wnt3A. The contralateral muscle was injected with an equal volume of saline to serve as a control. After 1 week, the animals were euthanatized, and both superior rectus muscles were removed and assayed physiologically. The muscles were stimulated at increasing frequencies to determine force generation. A separate group of treated and control superior rectus muscles were examined histologically for alterations in total muscle cross-sectional area and myosin heavy chain isoform (MyHC) composition.
resultsOne week after a single injection of BMP4, TGFbeta1, Shh, or Wnt3A, all treated muscles showed significant decreases in generation of force compared with control muscles. BMP4, TGFbeta1, Shh, and Wnt3A significantly decreased the mean myofiber cross-sectional area of fast MyHC-positive myofibers. BMP4 resulted in a conversion of fast-to-slow myofibers and a significant decrease in the percentage of developmental and neonatal MyHC-positive myofibers. Alterations in mean cross-sectional area and proportion of MyHCs were seen after injection with TGFbeta1, Shh, and Wnt3A. TGFbeta1 and BMP4 injections resulted in increased Pax7-positive satellite cells, whereas BMP4, TGFbeta1, and Wnt3A resulted in a decrease in MyoD-positive satellite cells.
conclusionsThese results suggest that, rather than using toxins or immunotoxins, a more biological approach to decrease muscle strength is possible and demonstrate the potential utility of myogenic signaling factors for decreasing EOM strength. Ongoing drug-delivery studies will elucidate means of extending treatment effect to make such agents clinically useful.
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