ArticleExperimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)2008
Mechanistic analysis of electroporation-induced cellular uptake of macromolecules.
Article in Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mechanisms and Strategies for Enhancing DNA Nuclear Entry in Gene Delivery.Cellular and molecular bioengineering · 2026Article
- A critical review of microfluidic electroporation for therapeutic cell engineering.Cell reports. Physical science · 2026Article
- Regulation of Pore Evolution via Progressive Electroporation Enhanced Intracellular Molecule Transport.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- A hybridized mechano-electroporation technique for efficient immune cell engineering.Journal of advanced research · 2024Article
- Interplay between Electric Field Strength and Number of Short-Duration Pulses for Efficient Gene Electrotransfer.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Copy number of naked DNA delivered into nucleus of mammalian cells by electrotransfection.Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- High-Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Field-Mediated Gene Electrotransfection In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- A statistical framework for determination of minimal plasmid copy number required for transgene expression in mammalian cells.Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Article
- Mechanistic studies of gene delivery into mammalian cells by electrical short-circuiting via an aqueous droplet in dielectric oil.PloS one · 2020Article
- Spatio-temporal dynamics of calcium electrotransfer during cell membrane permeabilization.Drug delivery and translational research · 2018Article
- Universal intracellular biomolecule delivery with precise dosage control.Science advances · 2018Article
- Ultrastructural Analysis of Vesicular Transport in Electrotransfection.Microscopy and microanalysis : the official journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada · 2018Article
- Current Progress in Electrotransfection as a Nonviral Method for Gene Delivery.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2018Article
- Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts.Chemical reviews · 2018Review
- Membrane Permeabilization of Pathogenic Yeast in Alternating Sub-microsecond Electromagnetic Fields in Combination with Conventional Electroporation.The Journal of membrane biology · 2018Article
- Oxidized Carbon Black: Preparation, Characterization and Application in Antibody Delivery across Cell Membrane.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Theoretical Study of Molecular Transport Through a Permeabilized Cell Membrane in a Microchannel.The Journal of membrane biology · 2017Article
- Involvement of a Rac1-Dependent Macropinocytosis Pathway in Plasmid DNA Delivery by Electrotransfection.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2017Article
- Distinct effects of endosomal escape and inhibition of endosomal trafficking on gene delivery via electrotransfection.PloS one · 2017Article
- Mechanisms of transfer of bioactive molecules through the cell membrane by electroporation.European biophysics journal : EBJ · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Pulsed electric field has been widely used as a nonviral gene delivery platform. The delivery efficiency can be improved through quantitative analysis of pore dynamics and intracellular transport of plasmid DNA. To this end, we investigated mechanisms of cellular uptake of macromolecules during electroporation. In the study, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD) with molecular weight of 4,000 (FD-4) or 2,000,000 (FD-2000) was added into suspensions of a murine mammary carcinoma cell (4T1) either before or at different time points (ie, 1, 2, or 10 sec) after the application of different pulsed electric fields (in high-voltage mode: 1.2-2.0 kV in amplitude, 99 microsec in duration, and 1-5 pulses; in low-voltage mode: 100-300 V in amplitude, 5-20 msec in duration, and 1-5 pulses). The intracellular concentrations of FD were quantified using a confocal microscopy technique. To understand transport mechanisms, a mathematical model was developed for numerical simulation of cellular uptake. We observed that the maximum intracellular concentration of FD-2000 was less than 3% of that in the pulsing medium. The intracellular concentrations increased linearly with pulse number and amplitude. In addition, the intracellular concentration of FD-2000 was approximately 40% lower than that of FD-4 under identical pulsing conditions. The numerical simulations predicted that the pores larger than FD-4 lasted <10 msec after the application of pulsed fields if the simulated concentrations were on the same order of magnitude as the experimental data. In addition, the simulation results indicated that diffusion was negligible for cellular uptake of FD molecules. Taken together, the data suggested that large pores induced in the membrane by pulsed electric fields disappeared rapidly after pulse application and convection was likely to be the dominant mode of transport for cellular uptake of uncharged macromolecules.
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