ReviewThe Journal of infection2008
Human infections associated with wild birds.
Review in The Journal of infection, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Brucellosis in Wild and Domestic Birds: Unraveling the Complex Interplay of Transmission and Ecology (1970-2024).Current microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- RNA Virus Diversity, Cross-Species Transmission, and Molecular Constraints in Two Closely Related Rat Species.Integrative zoology · 2026Article
- Avian Aquatic Reservoirs and Zoonotic Potential of Helicobacter spp. in Wetlands from the Southern Caribbean Sea.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Urbanization shapes gut bacterial communities and metabolic functions in migratory wild birds across Bangladesh.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Molecular Evidence of Zoonotic Pathogens in Free-Living Wild Birds: A Greek Surveillance Study.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Temporal dynamics of the fecal microbiome in wintering seagulls: a One Health perspective.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Ecological Diversity of Migratory Birds and Their Associated Bacterial Species in South Korea: A Preliminary Study Including Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- The Future Abundance of Key Bird Species for Pathogen Transmission in the Netherlands.EcoHealth · 2025Article
- Microbiome Comparison and Pathogen Identification for Three Migrating Passerines Captured During Spring Season in Jordan Using 16S rRNA Sequencing.Integrative and comparative biology · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 bioaerosol transmission in experimentally infected American mink.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Phylogenetic and ecological drivers of the avian lung mycobiome and its potentially pathogenic component.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Seasonal variation in gut microbiota of migratory wild raptors: a case study in white-tailed eagles.Animal microbiome · 2025Article
- Prevalence of the Cladosporium cladosporioides Species Complex in the Mycelia-Like Skin Crusts of Migratory Yellow-Throated Buntings (Emberiza elegans) in Korea.Mycopathologia · 2025Article
- Physiological, environmental, and life-history drivers of haemosporidian infections in non-passerine birds from a rehabilitation center.Frontiers in parasitology · 2025Article
- Sustained cross-species transmission of gammacoronavirus in wild birds revealed by viral characterization in China.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- The monitoring of emergent zoonotic pathogens in wild and captive birds in Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Virulence profile of pathogenic yeasts from snakes: Alternative ways for antifungal strategies.PloS one · 2025Article
- In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils fromPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella spp. Recovered From Migratory and Captive Wild Birds.Veterinary medicine and science · 2024Article
- The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019-2023.Global medical genetics · 2024Review
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionWild birds and especially migratory species can become long-distance vectors for a wide range of microorganisms. The objective of the current paper is to summarize available literature on pathogens causing human disease that have been associated with wild bird species.
methodsA systematic literature search was performed to identify specific pathogens known to be associated with wild and migratory birds. The evidence for direct transmission of an avian borne pathogen to a human was assessed. Transmission to humans was classified as direct if there is published evidence for such transmission from the avian species to a person or indirect if the transmission requires a vector other than the avian species.
resultsSeveral wild and migratory birds serve as reservoirs and/or mechanical vectors (simply carrying a pathogen or dispersing infected arthropod vectors) for numerous infectious agents. An association with transmission from birds to humans was identified for 10 pathogens. Wild birds including migratory species may play a significant role in the epidemiology of influenza A virus, arboviruses such as West Nile virus and enteric bacterial pathogens. Nevertheless only one case of direct transmission from wild birds to humans was found.
conclusionThe available evidence suggests wild birds play a limited role in human infectious diseases. Direct transmission of an infectious agent from wild birds to humans is rarely identified. Potential factors and mechanisms involved in the transmission of infectious agents from birds to humans need further elucidation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.