SynthesisDrug safety2008
Methods for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Drug safety, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05002192 (A Retrospective, Real-world Study of Eucalyptol, Limonene and Pinene Enteric Soft Capsules Used in the Expectorant Treatment of Community-acquired Pneumonia), which is not on this map. Cited by 148 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Retrospective, Real-world Study of Eucalyptol, Limonene and Pinene Enteric Soft Capsules Used in the Expectorant Treatment of Community-acquired Pneumonia
Who cites it
148 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sports nutrition supplements and adverse events - a meta-epidemiological study of case reports specifically addressing causality assessment.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Acute kidney injury associated with concomitant vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International urology and nephrology · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Drug-induced oral lichenoid reactions: a real clinical entity? A systematic review.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2017Pooled it
- Safety of Gadobutrol: Results From 42 Clinical Phase II to IV Studies and Postmarketing Surveillance After 29 Million Applications.Investigative radiology · 2016Trial
- A pilot randomised controlled trial to assess the utility of an e-learning package that trains users in adverse drug reaction causality.The International journal of pharmacy practice · 2015Trial
- Trial
- When does Follow-up on Adverse Events Improve the Understanding of Medicine and Vaccine Safety? Insights from Global Expert Perspectives.Drug safety · 2026Article
- Do consumers and healthcare professionals report the same adverse event differently? A paired analysis of duplicate vaccine safety reports in Norway.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- New-Onset Pemphigus Following Drug Exposure and Vaccination: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases.Vaccines · 2026Review
- A Scoping Review of Case-Level Causality Assessment Tools Developed Between 2008 and 2023; Strengths, Weaknesses and Potential Future Improvements.Drug safety · 2026Article
- Augmenting Medical Judgment in Signal Confirmation: Design Considerations for an AI-Enabled Causality Assessment Framework.Drug safety · 2026Review
- Article
- Beyond black boxes: using explainable causal artificial intelligence to separate signal from noise in pharmacovigilance.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2026Article
- Interactions Between Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Drugs Involving CYP-Enzymes and P-gp Transporters Detected by a Clinical Decision Support System: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2026Article
- Portability of a text mining algorithm for detecting adverse drug reactions in electronic health records across diverse patient groups in two Dutch hospitals.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Leveraging Large Language Models in Extracting Drug Safety Information from Prescription Drug Labels.Drug safety · 2026Article
- Ceftazidime-Avibactam-Induced Neurotoxicity Manifesting as Seizure in an Older Adult: A Case Report.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- A nomogram based on LASSO-logistic regression for predicting tocilizumab-associated hypofibrinogenemia in patients with rheumatic diseases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Article
88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Numerous methods for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been published. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of these methods and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. We conducted electronic searches in MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE and the Cochrane databases to find all assessment methods. Thirty-four different methods were found, falling into three broad categories: expert judgement/global introspection, algorithms and probabilistic methods (Bayesian approaches). Expert judgements are individual assessments based on previous knowledge and experience in the field using no standardized tool to arrive at conclusions regarding causality. Algorithms are sets of specific questions with associated scores for calculating the likelihood of a cause-effect relationship. Bayesian approaches use specific findings in a case to transform the prior estimate of probability into a posterior estimate of probability of drug causation. The prior probability is calculated from epidemiological information and the posterior probability combines this background information with the evidence in the individual case to come up with an estimate of causation. As a result of problems of reproducibility and validity, no single method is universally accepted. Different causality categories are adopted in each method, and the categories are assessed using different criteria. Because assessment methods are also not entirely devoid of individual judgements, inter-rater reliability can be low. In conclusion, there is still no method universally accepted for causality assessment of ADRs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
18095744What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.