ArticleBioconjugate chemistry2008
Optimizing size and copy number for PEG-fMLF (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) nanocarrier uptake by macrophages.
Article in Bioconjugate chemistry, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cancer stem cells and macrophages: molecular connections and future perspectives against cancer.Oncotarget · 2021Review
- Article
- Design and evaluation of a CXCR4 targeting peptide 4DV3 as an HIV entry inhibitor and a ligand for targeted drug delivery.European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V · 2019Article
- Modulating cellular autophagy for controlled antiretroviral drug release.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2018Article
- Getting into the brain: Potential of nanotechnology in the management of NeuroAIDS.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2016Review
- Multiscale approach to investigate self-assembly of telodendrimer based nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2015Article
- Targeting strategies for delivery of anti-HIV drugs.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2014Review
- Macrophages associated with tumors as potential targets and therapeutic intermediates.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2014Review
- Pharmaceutical and toxicological properties of engineered nanomaterials for drug delivery.Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology · 2014Review
- Nanotechnology and the treatment of HIV infection.Viruses · 2012Review
- Anti-HIV-1 nanotherapeutics: promises and challenges for the future.International journal of nanomedicine · 2012Review
- Stimuli-responsive star poly(ethylene glycol) drug conjugates for improved intracellular delivery of the drug in neuroinflammation.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2010Article
- Surface modifications of nanocarriers for effective intracellular delivery of anti-HIV drugs.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2010Review
- Emerging nanotechnology approaches for HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2010Review
- Multimeric peptide-based PEG nanocarriers with programmable elimination properties.Biomaterials · 2009Article
- Prodrug and conjugate drug delivery strategies for improving HIV/AIDS therapy.Journal of drug delivery science and technology · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Curing HIV-1 infection has remained elusive because of low and fluctuating drug levels arising from poor absorption, the development of viral reservoirs and sanctuary sites, toxicity, and patient nonadherence. The present study addresses the issue of insufficient drug exposure in macrophages. Viral reservoir sites such as macrophages are believed to be responsible for the viral rebound effect observed upon the discontinuation of anti-HIV drug therapy. In our proposed model, a drug can be covalently attached to a nanocarrier in order to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic agents to the site(s) of infection. As an initial step, we propose the covalent attachment of several copies of N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF), a known chemo-attractant for macrophages. In this article, one or more copies of fMLF were conjugated to multifunctional commercially available or novel, peptide-based PEG nanocarriers in which the structure was varied by appending PEGs with average molecular weights of 5, 20, and 40 kDa. U937 cell-specific binding and cellular uptake were analyzed. The results of uptake studies indicate that (i) uptake is energy dependent and mediated by a fMLF receptor, (ii) appending only 2 copies of the targeting ligand to the multifunctional nanocarrier appears sufficient for binding in vitro, and (iii) of the three configurations studied, the nanocarrier with a molecular weight of about 20 kDa, corresponding to a size of 20-60 nm, demonstrated the highest uptake. The results of the current studies demonstrate the feasibility of targeting macrophages and the suitability of using these synthetically versatile peptide--backbone PEG nanocarriers. The convenience, flexibility and possible limitations of this nanocarrier approach are discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.