ArticleNucleic acids research2008
Diversity of preferred nucleotide sequences around the translation initiation codon in eukaryote genomes.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers.
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Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 206 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Kozak sequences regulate gene expression in Trypanosoma brucei.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Vesicular Glutamate Release Is Necessary for Neural Tube Formation.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- AUGcontext DB: a comprehensive catalog of the mRNA AUG initiator codon context across eukaryotes.RNA biology · 2025Review
- RNA elements and their biotechnological applications in plants.The New phytologist · 2025Review
- NetStart 2.0: prediction of eukaryotic translation initiation sites using a protein language model.BMC bioinformatics · 2025Article
- The regulatory landscape of 5' UTRs in translational control during zebrafish embryogenesis.Developmental cell · 2025Article
- Development of a genotype-matched Newcastle disease DNA vaccine candidate adjuvanted with IL-28b for the control of targeted velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus in Africa.Veterinary research communications · 2024Article
- HOT3/eIF5B1 confers Kozak motif-dependent translational control of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes for chloroplast biogenesis.Nature communications · 2024Article
- A putative scenario of how de novo protein-coding genes originate in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae lineage.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- What, where, and how: Regulation of translation and the translational landscape in plants.The Plant cell · 2024Review
- Functional analysis of the AUG initiator codon context reveals novel conserved sequences that disfavor mRNA translation in eukaryotes.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Genome-wide association study revealed some new candidate genes associated with flowering and maturity time of soybean in Central and West Siberian regions of Russia.Frontiers in plant science · 2024Article
- The regulatory landscape of 5' UTRs in translational control during zebrafish embryogenesis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Precise genome editing of the Kozak sequence enables bidirectional and quantitative modulation of protein translation to anticipated levels without affecting transcription.Nucleic acids research · 2023Article
- Sequencing and biological characterization of historical cynosurus mottle virus isolates from Germany.Archives of virology · 2023Article
- N-terminal alanine-rich (NTAR) sequences drive precise start codon selection resulting in elevated translation of multiple proteins including ERK1/2.Nucleic acids research · 2023Article
- Translational regulation by uORFs and start codon selection stringency.Genes & development · 2023Review
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Understanding regulatory mechanisms of protein synthesis in eukaryotes is essential for the accurate annotation of genome sequences. Kozak reported that the nucleotide sequence GCCGCC(A/G)CCAUGG (AUG is the initiation codon) was frequently observed in vertebrate genes and that this 'consensus' sequence enhanced translation initiation. However, later studies using invertebrate, fungal and plant genes reported different 'consensus' sequences. In this study, we conducted extensive comparative analyses of nucleotide sequences around the initiation codon by using genomic data from 47 eukaryote species including animals, fungi, plants and protists. The analyses revealed that preferred nucleotide sequences are quite diverse among different species, but differences between patterns of nucleotide bias roughly reflect the evolutionary relationships of the species. We also found strong biases of A/G at position -3, A/C at position -2 and C at position +5 that were commonly observed in all species examined. Genes with higher expression levels showed stronger signals, suggesting that these nucleotides are responsible for the regulation of translation initiation. The diversity of preferred nucleotide sequences around the initiation codon might be explained by differences in relative contributions from two distinct patterns, GCCGCCAUG and AAAAAAAUG, which implies the presence of multiple molecular mechanisms for controlling translation initiation.
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