ArticleVirology2008
Cell-surface processing of extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr by proprotein convertases.
Article in Virology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genotoxic consequences of viral infections.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Caspase cleavage of gasdermin E causes neuronal pyroptosis in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Intercellular Transport of Viral Proteins.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2024Review
- Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 6 in Cardiovascular Biology and Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- How Do Enveloped Viruses Exploit the Secretory Proprotein Convertases to Regulate Infectivity and Spread?Viruses · 2021Review
- Proapelin is processed extracellularly in a cell line-dependent manner with clear modulation by proprotein convertases.Amino acids · 2019Article
- Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals Smad protein family activation following Rift Valley fever virus infection.PloS one · 2018Article
- HIV-1 Viral Protein R Activates NLRP3 Inflammasome in Microglia: implications for HIV-1 Associated Neuroinflammation.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2017Article
- HIV-1 Vpr Inhibits Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication by Inducing MicroRNA miR-942-5p and Activating NF-κB Signaling.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- Neuroinflammation-Induced Interactions between Protease-Activated Receptor 1 and Proprotein Convertases in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder.Molecular and cellular biology · 2015Article
- Short communication: circulating plasma HIV-1 viral protein R in dual HIV-1/tuberculosis infection.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2014Article
- Viral protein R upregulates expression of ULBP2 on uninfected bystander cells during HIV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T lymphocytes.Virology · 2013Article
- The multifaceted proprotein convertases: their unique, redundant, complementary, and opposite functions.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2013Review
- Extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R causes reductions in astrocytic ATP and glutathione levels compromising the antioxidant reservoir.Virus research · 2012Article
- The biology and therapeutic targeting of the proprotein convertases.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2012Review
- On the cutting edge of proprotein convertase pharmacology: from molecular concepts to clinical applications.Biomolecular concepts · 2011Article
- Cellular phenotype impacts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R subcellular localization.Virology journal · 2011Article
- Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 Vpr expression and innate immunity influence neurovirulence.Retrovirology · 2011Article
- Vipirinin, a coumarin-based HIV-1 Vpr inhibitor, interacts with a hydrophobic region of VPR.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2011Article
- Human immunodeficiency virus viral protein R as an extracellular protein in neuropathogenesis.Advances in virus research · 2011Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that extracellular Vpr could contribute to HIV pathogenesis through its effect on bystander cells. Soluble forms of Vpr have been detected in the sera and cerebrospinal fluids of HIV-1-infected patients, and in vitro studies have implicated extracellular Vpr as an effector of cellular responses, including G2 arrest, apoptosis and induction of cytokines and chemokines production, presumably through its ability to transduce into multiple cell types. However, the mechanism underlying Vpr release from HIV-1-producing cells remains undefined and the biological modifications that the extracellular protein may undergo are largely unknown. We provide evidence indicating that soluble forms of Vpr are present in the extracellular medium of HIV-1-producing cells. Release of Vpr in the extracellular medium did not originate from decaying or disrupted HIV-1 virions that package Vpr but rather appeared associated with HIV-1-mediated cytopathicity. Interestingly, Vpr was found to undergo proteolytic processing at a very well conserved proprotein convertase (PC) cleavage site, R(85)QRR(88) downward arrow, located within the functionally important C-terminal arginine-rich domain of the protein. Vpr processing occurred extracellularly upon close contact to cells and most likely involved a cell surface-associated PC. Consistently, PC inhibitors suppressed Vpr processing, while expression of extracellular matrix-associated PC5 and PACE4 enhanced Vpr cleavage. PC-mediated processing of extracellular Vpr led to the production of a truncated Vpr product that was defective for the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis when expressed in human cells. Collectively, these results suggest that cell surface processing of extracellular Vpr by PCs might regulate the levels of active soluble Vpr.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.