Evidence map›Paper›PMID 18058001›Full record

ArticlePharmaceutical research2008

Safe and effective permeation enhancers for oral drug delivery.

Kathryn Whitehead, Natalie Karr, Samir Mitragotri

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
44citing papers in PubMed
2.2field-weighted citation impact, top 13% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

44 citing papers in PubMed, 133 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Piperazine-Functionalized Nanoparticles Enable Oral Insulin Delivery in Obese Mice.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Extended local anesthesia enabled by flavonoid permeation enhancers.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  6. Review
  7. Enhanced macromolecule bioavailability in rats and pigs using an in situ forming synthetic epithelial lining.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Maternal milk cell components are uptaken by infant liver macrophages via extracellular vesicle mediated transport.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. The strawberry-derived permeation enhancer pelargonidin enables oral protein delivery.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Review of recently used techniques and materials to improve the efficiency of orally administered proteins/peptides.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2020
    Review
  19. Advances in oral peptide therapeutics.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2020
    Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Kathryn WhiteheadDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, USA.
Natalie Karr
Samir Mitragotri
University of California, Santa Barbara · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe use of intestinal permeation enhancers to overcome the absorption challenges associated with oral drug delivery has been hampered by the notion that enhancer efficacy is directly linked to toxicity. This study attempts to gain insight into the principles governing the potency and toxicity behavior of enhancers.

methodsFifty-one enhancers were selected from 11 chemical categories and their potency and toxicity were analyzed in Caco-2 monolayers at concentrations spanning three orders of magnitude.

resultsA small but significant fraction of the 153 enhancer formulations studied demonstrated unexpected but desired behavior, that is, substantial efficacy without marked toxicity. Our results revealed that both chemical category and concentration proved critical in determining the usefulness of many enhancers, and the concept of an enhancer's 'therapeutic window' is discussed. Several of the most promising enhancers identified by the study were tested for their effect on the transport of the marker molecules mannitol and 70 kDa dextran across Caco-2 cells and were capable of increasing permeability more than 10-fold.

conclusionsThe results presented here underscore the potential of chemical permeation enhancers while providing valuable direction as to what classes and concentrations of compounds are of interest when searching for safe and effective additions to oral formulations.

Indexed as

Drug Delivery SystemsCaco-2 CellsElectric ImpedanceEpitheliumExcipientsHumansIntestinal AbsorptionPermeabilityStimulation, ChemicalTetrazolium SaltsThiazolesExcipientsTetrazolium SaltsThiazolesthiazolyl blue

Identifiers

PMID18058001
OpenAlexW2062853793

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.