ArticleQuality & safety in health care2007
European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic use in Europe.
Article in Quality & safety in health care, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 243 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibiotic use in Brazilian hospitals in the 21st century: a systematic review.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2021Pooled it
- Quality indicators assessing antibiotic use in the outpatient setting: a systematic review followed by an international multidisciplinary consensus procedure.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2018Pooled it
- Quality assessment of diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of infectious diseases in primary care: a systematic review of quality indicators.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2016Pooled it
- Impact of a multifaceted intervention to improve antibiotic prescribing: a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2020Trial
- Sustainable reduction of antibiotic-induced antimicrobial resistance (ARena) in German ambulatory care: study protocol of a cluster randomised trial.Implementation science : IS · 2018Trial
- Antibacterial consumption in four paediatric inpatient facilities in Sri Lanka in 2023: a cross-sectional descriptive study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Paediatric outpatient antibiotic utilization patterns and use of healthcare services before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: interrupted time series analysis using data from Norway and Japan.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Long-term public antibiotic awareness campaign significantly reduced inappropriate antibiotic use in pediatric primary care settings.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Optimizing Antibiotic Use and Awareness in Hospitals: Establishing Effective Antimicrobial Stewardship Pathways.Current drug safety · 2026Observational
- Determining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumption of antibiotics in Shaanxi province, China: an interrupted time-series analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Identifying AWaRe indicators for appropriate antibiotic use: a narrative review.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2024Review
- Primary Healthcare Physicians' Insufficient Knowledge Is Associated with Antibiotic Overprescribing for Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in China: A Cross-Sectional Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Returned Rate and Changed Patterns of Systemic Antibiotic Use in Ambulatory Care in Hungary after the Pandemic-A Longitudinal Ecological Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Longitudinal Trends in In-Patient Antibiotic Consumption According to the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) Antibiotic Groups and Cost: An Analysis of Data at a National Antimicrobial Consumption Network (NAC-NET) Site in North India over 7 Years (2017-2023).Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial Sales Comparison before and after the Implementation of Nationwide Restriction Policy in Saudi Arabia.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Long-term trend of antibiotic use at public health care institutions in northwest China, 2012-20 -- a case study of Gansu Province.BMC public health · 2023Article
- How to design and implement an outpatient antimicrobial stewardship programme.Drugs in context · 2023Review
- Antibiotic Prescription in the Community-Dwelling Elderly Population in Lombardy, Italy: A Sub-Analysis of the EDU.RE.DRUG Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Promoting rational antibiotic therapy among high antibiotic prescribers in German primary care-study protocol of the ElektRA 4-arm cluster-randomized controlled trial.Implementation science : IS · 2022Article
- Prescribing Patterns and Variations of Antibiotic Use for Children in Ambulatory Care: A Nationwide Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveIndicators to measure the quality of healthcare are increasingly used by healthcare professionals and policy makers. In the context of increasing antimicrobial resistance, this study aimed to develop valid drug-specific quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic use in Europe, derived from European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) data.
methods27 experts (15 countries), in a European Science Foundation workshop, built on the expertise within the European Drug Utilisation Research Group, the General Practice Respiratory Infections Network, the ESCMID Study Group on Primary Care Topics, the Belgian Antibiotic Policy Coordination Committee, the World Health Organization, ESAC, and other experts. A set of proposed indicators was developed using 1997-2003 ESAC data. Participants scored the relevance of each indicator to reducing antimicrobial resistance, patient health benefit, cost effectiveness and public health policy makers (scale: 1 (completely disagree) to 9 (completely agree)). The scores were processed according to the UCLA-RAND appropriateness method. Indicators were judged relevant if the median score was not in the 1-6 interval and if there was consensus (number of scores within the 1-3 interval was fewer than one third of the panel). From the relevant indicators providing overlapping information, the one with the highest scores was selected for the final set of quality indicators-values were updated with 2004 ESAC data.
results22 participants (12 countries) completed scoring of a set of 22 proposed indicators. Nine were rated as relevant antibiotic prescribing indicators on all four dimensions; five were rated as relevant if only relevance to reducing antimicrobial resistance and public health policy makers was taken into account. A final set of 12 indicators was selected.
conclusion12 of the proposed ESAC-based quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic use in Europe have face validity and are potentially applicable. These indicators could be used to better describe antibiotic use in ambulatory care and assess the quality of national antibiotic prescribing patterns in Europe.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.