ReviewJournal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology2006
Effects of opioid tolerance and withdrawal on the immune system.
Review in Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- The significant impact of opium use on various types of cancer: an updated - systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- The effects of pioglitazone, a PPARγ receptor agonist, on the abuse liability of oxycodone among nondependent opioid users.Physiology & behavior · 2016Trial
- The PPARγ Agonist Pioglitazone Fails to Alter the Abuse Potential of Heroin, But Does Reduce Heroin Craving and Anxiety.Journal of psychoactive drugsTrial
- Kratom (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis and hepatic inflammation in morphine dependence and withdrawal: insights from a rat model.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- DeepBiomarker2: Prediction of Alcohol and Substance Use Disorder Risk in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Patients Using Electronic Medical Records and Multiple Social Determinants of Health.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Estradiol Enhances the Development of Addiction-Like Features in a Female Rat Model of Opioid Use Disorder.Neuroendocrinology · 2023Article
- Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in Rats.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2022Article
- Implant-related complications in patients with opioid use disorder undergoing primary shoulder arthroplasties: a matched-controlled analysis.Shoulder & elbow · 2022Article
- Dynamic immune and exosome transcriptomic responses in patients undergoing psychostimulant methamphetamine withdrawal.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Article
- Contributions of neuroimmune and gut-brain signaling to vulnerability of developing substance use disorders.Neuropharmacology · 2021Review
- Neuronal apoptosis induced by morphine withdrawal is mediated by the p75 neurotrophin receptor.Journal of neurochemistry · 2021Article
- Integration of Molecular Inflammatory Interactome Analyses Reveals Dynamics of Circulating Cytokines and Extracellular Vesicle Long Non-Coding RNAs and mRNAs in Heroin Addicts During Acute and Protracted Withdrawal.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Opioid-sparing effects of cannabinoids on morphine analgesia: participation of CBBritish journal of pharmacology · 2019Article
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Are Dynamic Regulators of Digestion and Targets for Digestive Diseases.Gastroenterology · 2019Review
- A potential role for the gut microbiome in substance use disorders.Psychopharmacology · 2019Review
- Comparison of implant related complications amongst patients with opioid use disorder and non-users following total knee arthroplasty.World journal of orthopedics · 2019Article
- The Role of Opioid Receptors in Immune System Function.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- CCR5 mediates HIV-1 Tat-induced neuroinflammation and influences morphine tolerance, dependence, and reward.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Review of the robust literature using acute drug injection paradigms points clearly to the conclusion that morphine is immunosuppressive. In contrast, studies of the effect of subacute or chronic administration of morphine on immune function is limited, with variable results. In some cases tolerance to the immunosuppressive effects of the drug is clearly demonstrated, but in other cases, selected immune parameters do not demonstrate tolerance. Discrepancies in findings may result from differences in species or route and manner of drug administration. Even fewer studies (total of 10) have been published on the effects of withdrawal on immune function. Most immune parameters tested are suppressed following drug withdrawal. Recovery time to baseline response levels varies in the studies. In the single report of withdrawal in humans, immune function was suppressed for up to 3 years. It is clearly established that withdrawal suppresses capacity of murine spleen cells to make an ex vivo antibody response, which contrasts with evidence of polarization of the lymphocytes towards a Th2 phenotype. Several laboratories have shown that subacute and chronic exposure to morphine, as well as drug withdrawal, sensitize to the lethal effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Underlying sepsis, combined with morphine-induced hypofunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, may be occult variables modulating immune responses during opioid administration and withdrawal. As episodes of withdrawal are common among drug abusers, more intensive investigation is warranted on the effects of withdrawal on immune function, on mechanisms of immune modulation, and on sensitization to infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.