ArticleEukaryotic cell2008
Extracellular vesicles produced by Cryptococcus neoformans contain protein components associated with virulence.
Article in Eukaryotic cell, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 324 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
324 citing papers in PubMed, 555 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Comparative Proteomics of Extracellular Vesicles of Two Species of Mucorales Reveals Species-Specific Cargo.Mycopathologia · 2026Article
- The AP-1 adaptor complex is required for cell surface modifications and the survival ofInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Cryptococcal Infection Across Disease Stages: Host-Pathogen Interactions, Tissue Niches, and Translational Priorities.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Unexpected Variability in Laboratory and Clinical Assays Used to Quantify Cryptococcus neoformans Polysaccharide.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles in human fungal pathogens: Biogenesis, functions, and translational applications.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Review
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- Dismantling darkness: interdisciplinary perspectives on melanin degradation.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Fungal extracellular vesicles mediate conserved cross-species communication and immunomodulation.mBio · 2026Article
- Connecting the Dots: Milestones in the History of Extracellular Vesicle Research.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Nuclear import of malaria RNA rewires splicing in host immune cells.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Integrative Transcriptomic and Systems Biology Analyses IdentifyMicroorganisms · 2026Article
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- Extracellular vesicles produced byExtracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Fungal extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in candidiasis: biogenesis, virulence, and CNS diagnostic applications.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Impact of storage on the stability and the protective effect of extracellular vesicles released byApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Reconsidering the blood-brain barrier: histopathology and microanatomy of cryptococcal CNS infection.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles From Ascochyta rabiei, a Necrotrophic Fungal Chickpea Pathogen.Proteomics · 2025Article
- Growth conditions shape the proteome and diversity ofCell surface (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
264 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans produces vesicles containing its major virulence factor, the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). These vesicles cross the cell wall to reach the extracellular space, where the polysaccharide is supposedly used for capsule growth or delivered into host tissues. In the present study, we characterized vesicle morphology and protein composition by a combination of techniques including electron microscopy, proteomics, enzymatic activity, and serological reactivity. Secretory vesicles in C. neoformans appear to be correlated with exosome-like compartments derived from multivesicular bodies. Extracellular vesicles manifested various sizes and morphologies, including electron-lucid membrane bodies and electron-dense vesicles. Seventy-six proteins were identified by proteomic analysis, including several related to virulence and protection against oxidative stress. Biochemical tests indicated laccase and urease activities in vesicles. In addition, different vesicle proteins were recognized by sera from patients with cryptococcosis. These results reveal an efficient and general mechanism of secretion of pathogenesis-related molecules in C. neoformans, suggesting that extracellular vesicles function as "virulence bags" that deliver a concentrated payload of fungal products to host effector cells and tissues.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.