ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2008
Neutralizing activity of vaccine-induced antibodies to two Bacillus anthracis toxin components, lethal factor and edema factor.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Phase 1 study of a recombinant mutant protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2012Trial
- Article
- Article
- Anthrax Vaccines in the 21st Century.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Immunological Evidence of Variation in Exposure and Immune Response toFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Encapsulated Protective Antigen Protects the Mice Against Anthrax.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Passive protection against anthrax in mice with plasma derived from horses hyper-immunized againstPeerJ · 2017Article
- Evaluation of anthrax vaccine safety in 18 to 20 year olds: A first step towards age de-escalation studies in adolescents.Vaccine · 2015Article
- Article
- Characterization of the native form of anthrax lethal factor for use in the toxin neutralization assay.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2013Article
- Combinations of monoclonal antibodies to anthrax toxin manifest new properties in neutralization assays.Infection and immunity · 2013Article
- A three-dose intramuscular injection schedule of anthrax vaccine adsorbed generates sustained humoral and cellular immune responses to protective antigen and provides long-term protection against inhalation anthrax in rhesus macaques.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2012Article
- Expression of either lethal toxin or edema toxin by Bacillus anthracis is sufficient for virulence in a rabbit model of inhalational anthrax.Infection and immunity · 2012Article
- Monoclonal antibody therapies against anthrax.Toxins · 2011Review
- New developments in vaccines, inhibitors of anthrax toxins, and antibiotic therapeutics for Bacillus anthracis.Current medicinal chemistry · 2011Review
- Neutralizing monoclonal antibody to edema toxin and its effect on murine anthrax.Infection and immunity · 2010Article
- The major neutralizing antibody responses to recombinant anthrax lethal and edema factors are directed to non-cross-reactive epitopes.Infection and immunity · 2009Article
- Synthetic peptide vaccine targeting a cryptic neutralizing epitope in domain 2 of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen.Infection and immunity · 2009Article
- Anthrax protective antigen delivered by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Ty21a protects mice from a lethal anthrax spore challenge.Infection and immunity · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA; BioThrax), the current FDA-licensed human anthrax vaccine, contains various amounts of the three anthrax toxin components, protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). While antibody to PA is sufficient to mediate protection against anthrax in animal models, it is not known if antibodies to LF or EF contribute to protection in humans. Toxin-neutralizing activity was evaluated in sera from AVA-vaccinated volunteers, all of whom had antibody responses to LF and EF, as well as PA. The contribution of antibodies to LF and EF was assessed using mouse macrophage J774A.1 cells by examining neutralization of LF-induced lysis using alamarBlue reduction and neutralization of EF-induced cyclic AMP increases by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody responses to LF and EF were low compared to those to PA, and the amount of LF or EF in the assay could exceed the amount of antibodies to LF or EF. Higher titers were seen for most individuals when the LF or EF concentration was limiting compared to when LF or EF was in excess, initially suggesting that antibody to LF or EF augmented protection. However, depletion of LF and EF antibodies in sera did not result in a significant decrease in toxin neutralization. Overall, this study suggests that AVA-induced LF and EF antibodies do not significantly contribute to anthrax toxin neutralization in humans and that antibodies to PA are sufficient to neutralize toxin activity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.