ArticleBirth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology2008
Maternal smoking and the risk for clubfoot in infants.
Article in Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The etiology of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus: a systematic review.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2018Pooled it
- Determinants for Congenital Clubfoot in Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study at Black Lion Specialized Hospital.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Risk Factors of Idiopathic Congenital Clubfoot in the South of Vietnam: A Hospital-Based Study.Cureus · 2025Article
- Research progress on the effects of adverse exposure during pregnancy on skeletal muscle function in the offspring.Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- The Incidence of Clubfoot in the Czech Republic: A Nationwide Epidemiological Study from 2000 to 2014.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Birth Anomalies in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins: Results From the California Twin Registry.Journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Association between maternal age at conception and risk of idiopathic clubfoot.Acta orthopaedica · 2016Article
- Comparison of web versus interview participants in a case-control study.Annals of epidemiology · 2015Article
- Comparative results of percutaneous Achilles tenotomy to combined open Achilles tenotomy with posterior capsulotomy in the correction of equinus deformity in congenital talipes equinovarus.International orthopaedics · 2015Article
- Maternal cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption in relation to risk of clubfoot.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2015Article
- Medication use in pregnancy in relation to the risk of isolated clubfoot in offspring.American journal of epidemiology · 2014Article
- Accuracy of prenatal smoking data from Washington State birth certificates in a population-based sample with cotinine measurements.Annals of epidemiology · 2014Article
- Descriptive epidemiology of idiopathic clubfoot.American journal of medical genetics. Part A · 2013Article
- Descriptive epidemiology of clubfoot in Peru: a clinic-based study.The Iowa orthopaedic journal · 2013Article
- Congenital talipes equinovarus: an epidemiological study in Sicily.Acta orthopaedica · 2012Article
- Descriptive epidemiology of clubfoot in Vietnam: a clinic-based study.The Iowa orthopaedic journal · 2012Article
- Smoking, the xenobiotic pathway, and clubfoot.Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology · 2011Article
- Epidemiology of congenital idiopathic talipes equinovarus in Iowa, 1997-2005.American journal of medical genetics. Part A · 2010Article
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Abstract
backgroundClubfoot is one of the most common major birth defects, with a prevalence of approximately 1 per 1,000 live births. The etiology of clubfoot is complex and not well understood, and yet, few epidemiologic studies of risk factors have been conducted. Maternal smoking has been suggested as a possible risk factor. The purpose of this population-based, case-control study was to examine the association between maternal smoking and clubfoot.
methodsData from the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program matched to North Carolina birth certificates and health services data were used in the analysis of 443 cases of clubfoot and 4,492 randomly sampled controls for the years 1999-2003. Smoking data were ascertained from the birth certificates, and the reliability of the data was assessed by comparing them with reported smoking from the North Carolina Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for smoking and clubfoot.
resultsThe crude OR for maternal smoking during pregnancy and clubfoot was 1.49 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.92). Controlling for maternal age, race/ethnicity, infant's sex, and timing of prenatal care initiation did not appreciably change the results (adjusted OR 1.40; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.83).
conclusionsThis study is consistent with the hypothesis that smoking during pregnancy is associated with a slightly increased risk of an infant being born with clubfoot. Further research is needed to confirm this association, and to identify potential genetic factors that may modify the magnitude of the risk.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.