ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2008
Risk and protective factors for leprosy development determined by epidemiological surveillance of household contacts.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence of paucibacillary cases of leprosy in Brazil: a 20-year systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Factors associated with the development of leprosy in Brazilian contacts: a systematic review.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2022Pooled it
- Anti-PGL-1 Positivity as a Risk Marker for the Development of Leprosy among Contacts of Leprosy Cases: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Seroprevalence ofThe Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- Serum geoepidemiology of leprosy biomarkers in a city-wide COVID-19 survey in Brazil.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Large-scale field application of a fingerstick blood test for Mycobacterium leprae infection: Monitoring population-wide effects of case finding and post-exposure prophylaxis on transmission in the Comoros and Madagascar.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Anti-PGL-I seropositivity and development of leprosy in contacts: a comprehensive analysis of sociodemographic determinants, genetic susceptibility, and exposure characteristics to Mycobacterium leprae.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium leprae: Need to move towards genome-wide approaches.The Indian journal of medical research · 2024Review
- Evaluating active leprosy case identification methods in six districts of Nepal.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Article
- Bacterial, fungal and parasitic co-infections in leprosy: A scoping review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- High-resolution ultrasonography for early diagnosis of neural impairment in seropositive leprosy household contacts.PloS one · 2023Article
- ELISA Test Based on the Phenolic Glycolipid-I (PGL-I) ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Serum Interleukin 6 Level and Nutrition Status as Potential Predictors of Clinical Leprosy Development Among Household Contacts in Endemic Areas.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Silent peripheral neuropathy determined by high-resolution ultrasound among contacts of patients with Hansen's disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Innovative tracking, active search and follow-up strategies for new leprosy cases in the female prison population.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Blood RNA signature RISK4LEP predicts leprosy years before clinical onset.EBioMedicine · 2021Article
- Article
- Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) and the risk of leprosy in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, 2016-2017.Epidemiology and health · 2021Article
- Latent leprosy infection identified by dual RLEP and anti-PGL-I positivity: Implications for new control strategies.PloS one · 2021Article
- Patients with skin smear positive leprosy in Bangladesh are the main risk factor for leprosy development: 21-year follow-up in the household contact study (COCOA).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Household contacts of leprosy patients are the group with the highest risk of developing the disease, and although many risk or prevention factors have been identified, they have not been employed in leprosy-monitoring programs. This investigation aimed to establish the relative risks or the preventive effects of the presence of BCG vaccination, the Mitsuda test, and the ML-Flow assay. Household contacts (1,396) were monitored for a 5-year period. Twenty-eight contacts (2%) developed leprosy and had their clinical and operational classifications established. All immunological tests were performed, and intradermal BCG vaccination was given after the BCG scar count. Of the affected contacts, 75% developed the disease in the first year, and 71.4% were classified as having paucibacillary forms. Contacts of lepromatous leprosy patients presented a 3.8-fold-higher risk of developing leprosy. BCG vaccination and the Mitsuda test showed a protective effect against leprosy of 0.27 (at least one scar) and 0.16 (>7 mm), respectively, and the positive ML-Flow test indicated a relative risk approximately sixfold higher for occurrence of the disease. All unfavorable combinations of two and three assays generated significant risk values that ranged from 5.76 to 24.47, with the highest risk given by the combination of no BCG scar, negative Mitsuda test, and positive ML-Flow test. We suggest that the BCG vaccination may be given to stimulate Mitsuda test positivity, reducing the patient's risk of developing multibacillary forms. The high significance of these tests may have a great impact on programs to monitor contacts and should be used to improve early detection and treatment.
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