ArticleBMC biology2007
Classification and nomenclature of all human homeobox genes.
Article in BMC biology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 244 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
244 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 431 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Probabilistic mapping of sub-genic intolerance reveals functional and disease-critical protein regions.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Decoding the mechanisms of cooperative DNA binding by the Paired-like homeodomain family.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Conserved and diverged embryonic expression patterns of panarthropod NK-Cluster genes and new evidence for CRE-shuffling.BMC ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Patterns of Conservation and Loss of Hox Genes in Xenacoelomorph Lineage Since Divergence From Last Common Bilaterian Ancestor.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
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- Single-cell Multiome Analysis of Chromatin State and Transcriptome in the Human Basal Ganglia.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Recognition of a Critical Functional Domain and ImprovedHuman mutation · 2026Article
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- An NKX2-5 homolog is required downstream of BMP signaling to pattern the sensory-adhesive organ of a tunicate larva.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- HMBOX1 plays a critical role in plumbagin-induced growth inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Decoding the mechanisms of cooperative DNA binding by the Paired-like homeodomain family.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- In Vivo Models of Cardiovascular Disease:Biomedicines · 2025Review
- A simple model reveals why complex evolutionary innovations follow predictable paths.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
184 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe homeobox genes are a large and diverse group of genes, many of which play important roles in the embryonic development of animals. Increasingly, homeobox genes are being compared between genomes in an attempt to understand the evolution of animal development. Despite their importance, the full diversity of human homeobox genes has not previously been described.
resultsWe have identified all homeobox genes and pseudogenes in the euchromatic regions of the human genome, finding many unannotated, incorrectly annotated, unnamed, misnamed or misclassified genes and pseudogenes. We describe 300 human homeobox loci, which we divide into 235 probable functional genes and 65 probable pseudogenes. These totals include 3 genes with partial homeoboxes and 13 pseudogenes that lack homeoboxes but are clearly derived from homeobox genes. These figures exclude the repetitive DUX1 to DUX5 homeobox sequences of which we identified 35 probable pseudogenes, with many more expected in heterochromatic regions. Nomenclature is established for approximately 40 formerly unnamed loci, reflecting their evolutionary relationships to other loci in human and other species, and nomenclature revisions are proposed for around 30 other loci. We use a classification that recognizes 11 homeobox gene 'classes' subdivided into 102 homeobox gene 'families'.
conclusionWe have conducted a comprehensive survey of homeobox genes and pseudogenes in the human genome, described many new loci, and revised the classification and nomenclature of homeobox genes. The classification scheme may be widely applicable to homeobox genes in other animal genomes and will facilitate comparative genomics of this important gene superclass.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.