ArticleMolecular and cellular biology2008
Mechanism of R-loop formation at immunoglobulin class switch sequences.
Article in Molecular and cellular biology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed.
- ERCC6 at the Transcription-Replication Interface: Integration of Transcription-Coupled Repair with Replication Stress Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- AID self-assembly and multistranded DNA binding drive synapsis in class switch recombination.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- In silico mapping of non-canonical DNA structures across the human ribosomal DNA locus.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Article
- RNA polymerase II is a polar roadblock to a progressing DNA fork.Nature communications · 2025Article
- R-loops: a key driver of inflammatory responses in cancer.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Review
- R-loops acted on by RNase H1 influence DNA replication timing and genome stability in Leishmania.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Gene regulation inCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Article
- Looping forward: exploring R-loop processing and therapeutic potential.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- The Smc5/6 complex counteracts R-loop formation at highly transcribed genes in cooperation with RNase H2.eLife · 2024Article
- Intertwining roles of R-loops and G-quadruplexes in DNA repair, transcription and genome organization.Nature cell biology · 2024Review
- Direct visualization of replication and R-loop collision using single-molecule imaging.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Review
- Fungal antigenic variation using mosaicism and reassortment of subtelomeric genes' repertoires.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Structure and Dynamics of DNA and RNA Double Helices Formed by d(CTG), d(GTC), r(CUG), and r(GUC) Trinucleotide Repeats and Associated DNA-RNA Hybrids.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2023Article
- Spontaneous deamination of cytosine to uracil is biased to the non-transcribed DNA strand in yeast.DNA repair · 2023Article
- Review
- PARP1 associates with R-loops to promote their resolution and genome stability.Nucleic acids research · 2023Article
- Senataxin and RNase H2 act redundantly to suppress genome instability during class switch recombination.eLife · 2022Article
- Topology and kinetics of R-loop formation.Biophysical journal · 2022Article
- YM155 Induces DNA Damage and Cell Death in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells by Inhibiting DNA Topoisomerase IIα at the ATP-Binding Site.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2022Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
R-loops have been described in vivo at the immunoglobulin class switch sequences and at prokaryotic and mitochondrial origins of replication. However, the biochemical mechanism and determinants of R-loop formation are unclear. We find that R-loop formation is nearly eliminated when RNase T(1) is added during transcription but not when it is added afterward. Hence, rather than forming simply as an extension of the RNA-DNA hybrid of normal transcription, the RNA must exit the RNA polymerase and compete with the nontemplate DNA strand for an R-loop to form. R-loops persist even when transcription is done in Li(+) or Cs(+), which do not support G-quartet formation. Hence, R-loop formation does not rely on G-quartet formation. R-loop formation efficiency decreases as the number of switch repeats is decreased, although a very low level of R-loop formation occurs at even one 49-bp switch repeat. R-loop formation decreases sharply as G clustering is reduced, even when G density is kept constant. The critical level for R-loop formation is approximately the same point to which evolution drove the G clustering and G density on the nontemplate strand of mammalian switch regions. This provides an independent basis for concluding that the primary function of G clustering, in the context of high G density, is R-loop formation.
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