ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2008
Evidence for a two-stage model of dependence using the NESARC and its implications for genetic association studies.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- The disengaging brain: Dynamic transitions from cognitive engagement and alcoholism risk.NeuroImage · 2020Article
- Childhood interpersonal violence and adult alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use disorders: variation by race/ethnicity?Psychological medicine · 2018Article
- A comprehensive model of predictors of persistence and recurrence in adults with major depression: Results from a national 3-year prospective study.Journal of psychiatric research · 2017Article
- Effects of State-Level Tobacco Environment on Cigarette Smoking are Stronger Among Those With Individual-Level Risk Factors.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2016Article
- Childhood maltreatment, 9/11 exposure, and latent dimensions of psychopathology: A test of stress sensitization.Journal of psychiatric research · 2015Article
- Probability and predictors of the cannabis gateway effect: a national study.The International journal on drug policy · 2015Article
- Childhood adversity moderates the effect of ADH1B on risk for alcohol-related phenotypes in Jewish Israeli drinkers.Addiction biology · 2015Article
- Parental alcohol history differentially predicts offspring disorders in distinct subgroups in Israel.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2014Article
- Parental psychopathology moderates the influence of parental divorce on lifetime alcohol use disorders among Israeli adults.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2014Article
- Towards a comprehensive developmental model of cannabis use disorders.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2014Article
- Probability and predictors of cannabis use disorders relapse: results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC).Drug and alcohol dependence · 2013Article
- Transitions in illicit drug use status over 3 years: a prospective analysis of a general population sample.The American journal of psychiatry · 2013Article
- Mood and anxiety disorders and their association with non-medical prescription opioid use and prescription opioid-use disorder: longitudinal evidence from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions.Psychological medicine · 2012Article
- Genetic etiology of the common liability to drug dependence: evidence of common and specific mechanisms for DSM-IV dependence symptoms.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2012Article
- Conditional substance abuse and dependence by diagnosis of mood or anxiety disorder or schizophrenia in the U.S. population.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2011Article
- Personality disorders and the 3-year course of alcohol, drug, and nicotine use disorders.Archives of general psychiatry · 2011Article
- Vulnerability to the rapid ("telescoped") development of alcohol dependence in individuals with anxiety disorder.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2011Article
- Relationship of personality disorders to the course of major depressive disorder in a nationally representative sample.The American journal of psychiatry · 2011Article
- Cannabis dimensionality: dependence, abuse and consumption.Addictive behaviors · 2010Article
- The role of a prescription in anxiety medication use, abuse, and dependence.The American journal of psychiatry · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Some twin studies suggest that substance initiation and dependence are part of a complex, two-stage process and that some genetic influences are stage-specific, acting on either the transition from abstinence to initiation, or on the transition from use to dependence. However, questions remain about the two-stage model, especially for illicit drugs. Using a familial aggregation design, we tested the hypothesized two-stage model of dependence on illicit substances and alcohol in a large, nationally representative sample. Family history of drug or alcohol problems is significantly associated with initiation that does not progress to dependence (i.e., conditional initiation). Furthermore, family history of drug or alcohol problems is significantly associated with dependence even after conditioning on factors influencing initiation (i.e., conditional dependence). These results suggest that substance initiation and dependence involve at least partially distinct familial factors. The possibility that different genetic factors affect initiation and dependence has important implications for control group selection in case-control genetic association studies, and may explain some inconsistent results for drug dependence. If some genetic factors are stage-specific (i.e., not common across initiation and dependence), inclusion of abstainers in the control group may mix the genetic effects for initiation with those for transition to dependence, providing unclear results. Depending on the specific question about the nature of the genetic effect (whether on initiation, on dependence, or both), investigators designing case-control genetic association studies should carefully consider inclusion and exclusion criteria of the control group.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.