ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2007
An undecaprenyl phosphate-aminoarabinose flippase required for polymyxin resistance in Escherichia coli.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers.
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94 citing papers in PubMed, 162 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Crystallographic data for Pyrococcus furiosus dolichylphosphate mannose synthase suggest that the enzyme could flip its glycolipid product.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- ThemBio · 2026Article
- Spread potential and architectural variant of a multiple-drug resistantFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Biosynthesis of glucosaminyl phosphatidylglycerol inJournal of bacteriology · 2025Article
- Structural basis of undecaprenyl phosphate glycosylation leading to polymyxin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.Nature communications · 2025Article
- LipoproteinmBio · 2025Article
- Heterogeneous efflux pump expression underpins phenotypic resistance to antimicrobial peptides.eLife · 2025Article
- Prevalence of mutations associated with tolerance to chlorhexidine and other cationic biocides amongMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2025Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides in the Modern Era: An Updated Review.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Antibacterial Activities of Phenolic Compounds inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Three-component systems represent a common pathway for extracytoplasmic addition of pentofuranose sugars into bacterial glycans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Polyphosphate kinase regulates LPS structure and polymyxin resistance during starvation in E. coli.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Development of aFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Synergistic effects of polymyxin and vancomycin combinations on carbapenem- and polymyxin-resistantMicrobiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Characterization of the Arn lipopolysaccharide modification system essential for zeamine resistance unveils its new roles in Dickeya oryzae physiology and virulence.Molecular plant pathology · 2023Article
- A Review of Resistance to Polymyxins and Evolving Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene (Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Structure and Function of ArnD. A Deformylase Essential for Lipid A Modification with 4-Amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose and Polymyxin Resistance.Biochemistry · 2023Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Modification of lipid A with the 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) moiety is required for resistance to polymyxin and cationic antimicrobial peptides in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. An operon of seven genes (designated pmrHFIJKLM in S. typhimurium), which is regulated by the PmrA transcription factor and is also present in E. coli, is necessary for the maintenance of polymyxin resistance. We previously elucidated the roles of pmrHFIJK in the biosynthesis and attachment of L-Ara4N to lipid A and renamed these genes arn-BCADT, respectively. We now propose functions for the last two genes of the operon, pmrL and pmrM. Chromosomal inactivation of each of these genes in an E. coli pmrA(c) parent switched its phenotype from polymyxin-resistant to polymyxin-sensitive. Lipid A was no longer modified with L-Ara4N, even though the levels of the lipid-linked donor of the L-Ara4N moiety, undecaprenyl phosphate-alpha-L-Ara4N, were not reduced in the mutants. However, the undecaprenyl phosphate-alpha-L-Ara4N present in the mutants was less concentrated on the periplasmic surface of the inner membrane, as judged by 4-5-fold reduced labeling with the inner membrane-impermeable amine reagent N-hydroxysulfosuccin-imidobiotin. In an arnT mutant of the same pmrA(c) parent, which lacks the enzyme that transfers the L-Ara4N unit to lipid A but retains the same high levels of undecaprenyl phosphate-alpha-L-Ara4N as the parent, N-hydroxysulfosuccinimidobiotin labeling was not reduced. These results implicate pmrL and pmrM, but not arnT, in transporting undecaprenyl phosphate-alpha-L-Ara4N across the inner membrane. PmrM and PmrL, now renamed ArnE and ArnF because of their involvement in L-Ara4N modification of lipid A, may be subunits of an undecaprenyl phosphate-alpha-L-Ara4N flippase.
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