ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2007
Educational status and cardiovascular risk profile in Indians.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 201 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of associations between non-communicable diseases and socioeconomic status within low- and lower-middle-income countries.Journal of global health · 2018Pooled it
- Socioeconomic status and non-communicable disease behavioural risk factors in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review.The Lancet. Global health · 2017Pooled it
- Health inequalities research in India: a review of trends and themes in the literature since the 1990s.International journal for equity in health · 2016Pooled it
- Prevalence of Hypertension in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicine · 2015Pooled it
- Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension.Journal of hypertension · 2014Pooled it
- Association between socioeconomic position and cardiovascular disease risk factors in rural north India: The Solan Surveillance Study.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Reducing tobacco use among low socio-economic status youth in Delhi, India: outcomes from project ACTIVITY, a cluster randomized trial.Health education research · 2016Trial
- Process evaluation of a tobacco prevention program in Indian schools--methods, results and lessons learnt.Health education research · 2010Trial
- Examining the Association Between Occupational Strain and Risk of Angina Pectoris Among Older Working Adults in India Using Karasek's Job Demand Control Model.Research square · 2026Article
- Mediating pathways between area-level deprivation and hypertension in Nepal: the role of nutritional status, food insecurity, and health behaviors.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Understanding gender variation in the risk factors of hypertension through cross sectional analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The silent epidemic: unravelling NCD risk clusters and socioeconomic determinants in Zambia.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Association Between Socio-Economic Status (SES) and the Traditional Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD): A Cross-Sectional MASHAD Cohort Study Results.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Associations between education and ideal cardiovascular health metrics across 36 low- and middle-income countries.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- The prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults living in extreme poverty.Nature human behaviour · 2024Article
- Global trends in burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to physical inactivity across 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Prevalence, Regional Variations, and Predictors of Overweight, Obesity, and Hypertension Among Healthy Reproductive-Age Indian Women: Nationwide Cross-Sectional Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Task Force Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
- Does the place of residence influence your risk of being hypertensive? A study-based on Nepal Demographic and Health Survey.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2023Article
- Changing socioeconomic and geographic gradients in cardiovascular disease risk factors among Indians aged 15-49 years - evidence from nationally representative household surveys.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2023Article
- Individual and combined associations of estimated pulse wave velocity and systemic inflammation response index with risk of stroke in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The inverse graded relationship of education and risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been reported from Western populations. To examine whether risk factors of CHD are predicted by level of education and influenced by the level of urbanization in Indian industrial populations, a cross-sectional survey (n = 19,973; response rate, 87.6%) was carried out among employees and their family members in 10 medium-to-large industries in highly urban, urban, and periurban regions of India. Information on behavioral, clinical, and biochemical risk factors of CHD was obtained through standardized instruments, and educational status was assessed in terms of the highest educational level attained. Data from 19,969 individuals were used for analysis. Tobacco use and hypertension were significantly more prevalent in the low- (56.6% and 33.8%, respectively) compared with the high-education group (12.5% and 22.7%, respectively; P < 0.001). However, dyslipidemia prevalence was significantly higher in the high-education group (27.1% as compared with 16.9% in the lowest-education group; P < 0.01). When stratified by the level of urbanization, industrial populations located in highly urbanized centers were observed to have an inverse graded relationship (i.e., higher-education groups had lower prevalence) for tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes, and overweight, whereas in less-urbanized locations, we found such a relationship only for tobacco use and hypertension. This study indicates the growing vulnerability of lower socioeconomic groups to CHD. Preventive strategies to reduce major CHD risk factors should focus on effectively addressing these social disparities.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.