ArticleChild's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery2008
Pathophysiologic characteristics of balloon cells in cortical dysplasia.
Article in Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Signature in Focal Cortical Dysplasia: A Systematic Review of RNA and Protein Data.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Balloon cells in malformations of cortical development: friends or foes?Acta epileptologica · 2024Review
- Iconography of abnormal non-neuronal cells in pediatric focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Increased Expression of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 in Cortical Lesions of Patients with Focal Cortical Dysplasia.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2016Article
- Increased expression of TRPC5 in cortical lesions of the focal cortical dysplasia.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2015Article
- Clinical characteristics, pathological features and surgical outcomes of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type II: correlation with pathological subtypes.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2014Article
- Increased expression of L-amino acid transporters in balloon cells of tuberous sclerosis.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2011Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectsBalloon cells are histopathological hallmarks of cortical malformations, i.e., focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) of the Taylor type or the cortical tubers of tuberous sclerosis, and they are believed to be the epileptogenic substrate and cause therapeutic drug resistant epilepsy in man. This study was carried out to investigate the developmental histogenesis and epileptogenesis of balloon cells in FCD. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe used an immunohistochemical approach to examine the expressions of primitive neuroepithelial cell antigens (CD34, nestin, and vimentin), ionotrophic glutamate receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A/B, GluR1, GluR2, GluR3, GluR4, and GluR5/6/7), and P-glycoprotein in balloon cells from FCD and normal cerebral cortex epileptogenic lesions.
conclusionBalloon cells presented in clusters or as scattered cells throughout FCD lesions involving the gray and white matter. We found the balloon cells to be classifiable into three subtypes based on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament protein (NF-L) immunohistochemistry, i.e., as neuronal, astrocytic, and uncommitted. Immunopositivity for nestin, CD34, and vimentin in balloon cells of FCD suggests that they may be derived from the abnormal development and differentiation of neural stem cells. Moreover, it appears that epileptogenesis in cortical dysplasia is partly caused by the upregulations of some glutamate receptor subunit proteins (NR1, NR2A/B, GluR1, and GluR3) in balloon cells and dysplastic neurons. We speculate that the presence of the drug resistance protein P-glycoprotein in balloon cells might explain medically refractory epilepsy in FCD.
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