SynthesisAnnals of family medicine
Race and ethnicity in trials of antihypertensive therapy to prevent cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Annals of family medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beta-blockers for hypertension.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Systematic review: antihypertensive drug therapy in patients of African and South Asian ethnicity.Internal and emergency medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Impact of antihypertensive drug classes on cardiovascular outcomes: insights from the STEP study.BMC medicine · 2025Trial
- Efficacy and safety of a four-drug, quarter-dose treatment for hypertension: the QUARTET USA randomized trial.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Design of a cluster-randomized minority recruitment trial: RECRUIT.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2017Trial
- Trial
- 24-Hour ambulatory blood pressure response to combination valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide in stage 2 hypertension by ethnicity: the EVALUATE study.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2010Trial
- Reporting and representation of participant race and ethnicity in phase III clinical trials for solid tumors.Future science OA · 2025Article
- Reporting and representation of race and ethnicity data in phase III clinical trials for hematological malignancies.Future science OA · 2025Article
- Efficacy of beta-blockers on blood pressure control and morbidity and mortality endpoints in hypertensives of African ancestry: an individual patient data meta-analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Article
- Blood Pressure Control Among US Adults, 2009 to 2012 Through 2017 to 2020.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2022Article
- Diuretics versus others for long-term clinical outcomes as first-line antihypertensive medications: analysis of national real-world database.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2022Article
- Article
- Examining the Drivers of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Non-Adherence to Antihypertensive Medications and Mortality Due to Heart Disease and Stroke: A County-Level Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- How subgroup analyses can miss the trees for the forest plots: A simulation study.Journal of clinical epidemiology · 2020Article
- Predictors for Blood Pressure Reduction in American Latinos: Secondary Analysis of the Adelgaza Program Data.Hispanic health care international : the official journal of the National Association of Hispanic Nurses · 2020Article
- Hypertension in Hispanics/Latinos: Epidemiology and Considerations for Management.Current hypertension reports · 2019Review
- Article
- Hypertension.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeWe wanted to systematically review (1) the participation of racial and ethnic minorities in clinical trials of antihypertensive drug therapy and (2) racial differences in the efficacy of these therapies for the prevention of cardiovascular outcomes.
methodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, African Index Medicus, and the Cochrane Library were searched from their inception to December 2005 for randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy of antihypertensive drug therapy in preventing myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization, or cardiovascular death. MEDLINE was also searched from 2005 through 2006. The 2 authors independently assessed studies for inclusion and quality.
resultsTwenty-eight studies met inclusion criteria. Eight trials reported results by racial subgroup. Trials with black and Hispanic participants (ALLHAT, INVEST, VALUE) found similar primary outcomes, but ALLHAT found a greater magnitude of benefit for blacks on diuretic therapy compared with nonblacks. One trial (PROGRESS) compared Asians with non-Asians, reporting that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (vs placebo) were equally effective for preventing stroke in both groups. In the LIFE trial, post hoc analyses showed different outcomes for blacks and nonblacks, raising questions about the usefulness of angiotensin-receptor blockers as first-line antihypertensive agents in blacks. In 3 studies conducted exclusively in Asians (JMIC-B, FEVER, NICS-EH), calcium channel blockers were effective in preventing cardiovascular outcomes. No trials described cardiovascular outcomes in Native Americans.
conclusionsFive trials made interethnic group comparisons; 4 had similar primary outcomes for ethnic minorities and whites. Increased minority participation in future studies is needed to determine optimal prevention therapies, especially in outcome-driven trials comparing multidrug antihypertensive treatment regimens.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.