ArticleCarbohydrate research2007
2,5-Deoxyfructosazine, a D-glucosamine derivative, inhibits T-cell interleukin-2 production better than D-glucosamine.
Article in Carbohydrate research, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-Aging Efficacy of Fructosazine and Deoxyfructosazine: A Comprehensive In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The conversion of glucosamine to deoxyfructosazine and its impact on bread quality.Food chemistry: X · 2025Article
- Article
- Melibiosamine, a novel oligosaccharide, suppresses mitogen-induced IL-2 production via inactivation of NFAT and NFκB in Jurkat cells.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2019Article
- Selective photothermal killing of cancer cells using LED-activated nucleus targeting fluorescent carbon dots.Nanoscale advances · 2019Article
- A novel enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of N-substituted pyrrole derivatives.Molecular diversity · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
D-Glucosamine has been widely reported to have immunosuppressive actions on neutrophils, lymphocytes, and other cells of the immune system. However, under conditions used in biological experiments (e.g., neutral pH, and phosphate buffers), we have found that D-glucosamine self-reacts to form 2,5-deoxyfructosazine [2-(D-arabino-tetrahydroxybutyl)-5-(D-erythro-2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)pyrazine] (1) and 2,5-fructosazine [2,5-bis(D-arabino-tetrahydroxybutyl)pyrazine] (2). When tested for bioactivity at nontoxic concentrations, these D-glucosamine derivatives were more effective inhibitors of IL-2 release from PHA-activated T cells than d-glucosamine. Hence, fructosazines constitute a novel class of immunomodulators.
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Registered trials
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