ArticleBiophysical journal2008
The forces applied by cilia depend linearly on their frequency due to constant geometry of the effective stroke.
Article in Biophysical journal, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- The effects of sildenafil on ciliary beat frequency in patients with pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteria disease: phase I/II trial.BMJ open respiratory research · 2020Trial
- Comparative Response ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Article
- Basal bodies bend in response to ciliary forces.Molecular biology of the cell · 2022Article
- Intracellular connections between basal bodies promote the coordinated behavior of motile cilia.Molecular biology of the cell · 2022Article
- Three-dimensional tracking of microbeads attached to the tip of single isolated tracheal cilia beating under external load.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- An autocrine ATP release mechanism regulates basal ciliary activity in airway epithelium.The Journal of physiology · 2017Article
- Robust estimation of the motile cilia beating frequency.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2015Article
- Impact assessment of repeated exposure of organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue culture models to whole cigarette smoke.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2015Article
- Effect of bunching of cilia and their interplay on muco-ciliary transport.Computers in biology and medicine · 2013Article
- A physical explanation of the temperature dependence of physiological processes mediated by cilia and flagella.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2013Article
- Abnormal nasal nitric oxide production, ciliary beat frequency, and Toll-like receptor response in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease epithelium.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2013Article
- Modeling the flexural rigidity of rod photoreceptors.Biophysical journal · 2013Article
- Effects of mycophenolate sodium on mucociliary clearance using a bronchial section and anastomosis rodent model.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2011Article
- Effects of different mechanical ventilation strategies on the mucociliary system.Intensive care medicine · 2011Article
- An outer arm Dynein conformational switch is required for metachronal synchrony of motile cilia in planaria.Molecular biology of the cell · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mucus propelling cilia are excitable by many stimulants, and have been shown to increase their beating frequency up to threefold, by physiological extracellular stimulants, such as adenosine-triphosphate, acetylcholine, and others. This is thought to represent the evolutionary adaptation of mucociliary systems to the need of rapid and efficient cleansing the airways of foreign particles. However, the mucus transport velocity depends not only on the beat frequency of the cilia, but on their beat pattern as well, especially in the case of mucus bearing cilia that beat in a complex, three-dimensional fashion. In this study, we directly measured the force applied by live ciliary tissues with an atomic force microscope, and found that it increases linearly with the beating frequency. This implies that the arc swept by the cilia during their effective stroke remains unchanged during frequency increase, thus leading to a linear dependence of transport velocity on the beat frequency. Combining the atomic force microscope measurements with optical measurements, we have indications that the recovery stroke is performed on a less inclined plane, leading to an effective shortening of the overall path traveled by the cilia tip during this nontransporting phase of their beat pattern. This effect is observed to be independent of the type of stimulant (temperature or chemical), chemical (adenosine-triphosphate or acetylcholine), or concentration (1 microM-100 microM), indicating that this behavior may result from internal details of the cilium mechanical structure.
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