ReviewMicrobiological reviews1991
The biology of Giardia spp.
Review in Microbiological reviews, 1991. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 423 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unravelling the cellular sources and location of IL-17A production during a Giardia infection.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Ghana: A Review of Infections and the Risk of Zoonotic Transmission.BioMed research international · 2025Review
- A myeloid leukemia factor homolog is involved in tolerance to stresses and stress-induced protein metabolism in Giardia lamblia.Biology direct · 2023Article
- Application of Proteomics to the Study of the Therapeutics and Pathogenicity ofDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Prevalence and molecular characterization of novel species of the Diplomonad genusInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2021Article
- Injection of mRNA isolated from trophozoites of Giardia intestinalis induces expression of three types of chloride currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes.Physiological reports · 2019Article
- Pyruvate ProtectsThe Korean journal of parasitology · 2018Article
- The influence of serial fecal sampling on the diagnosis of giardiasis in humans, dogs, and cats.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2017Article
- Human infective potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in urban wastewater treatment plant effluents.Journal of water and health · 2016Article
- Human Memory CD4+ T Cell Immune Responses against Giardia lamblia.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2016Article
- Review
- Multilocus sequence typing of canine Giardia duodenalis from South Eastern European countries.Parasitology research · 2015Article
- A perspective on Cryptosporidium and Giardia, with an emphasis on bovines and recent epidemiological findings.Advances in parasitology · 2015Review
- Article
- Binucleation to breed new plant species adaptable to their environments.Plant signaling & behavior · 2015Article
- Molecular Identification of Giardia duodenalis Isolates from Fars Province, Iran.Iranian journal of parasitology · 2014Article
- Haloferax volcanii, a prokaryotic species that does not use the Shine Dalgarno mechanism for translation initiation at 5'-UTRs.PloS one · 2014Article
- Voltage-dependent potassium currents expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes after injection of mRNA isolated from trophozoites of Giardia lamblia (strain Portland-1).Physiological reports · 2013Article
- Article
- Giardia intestinalis: effects of Pulsatilla chinensis extracts on trophozoites.Parasitology research · 2012Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Gardia spp. are flagellated protozoans that parasitize the small intestines of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. The infectious cysts begin excysting in the acidic environment of the stomach and become trophozoites (the vegetative form). The trophozoites attach to the intestinal mucosa through the suction generated by a ventral disk and cause diarrhea and malabsorption by mechanisms that are not well understood. Giardia spp. have a number of unique features, including a predominantly anaerobic metabolism, complete dependence on salvage of exogenous nucleotides, a limited ability to synthesize and degrade carbohydrates and lipids, and two nuclei that are equal by all criteria that have been tested. The small size and unique sequence of G. lamblia rRNA molecules have led to the proposal that Giardia is the most primitive eukaryotic organism. Three Giardia spp. have been identified by light lamblia, G. muris, and G. agilis, but electron microscopy has allowed further species to be described within the G. lamblia group, some of which have been substantiated by differences in the rDNA. Animal models and human infections have led to the conclusion that intestinal infection is controlled primarily through the humoral immune system (T-cell dependent in the mouse model). A major immunogenic cysteine-rich surface antigen is able to vary in vitro and in vivo in the course of an infection and may provide a means of evading the host immune response or perhaps a means of adapting to different intestinal environments.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.