ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2007
Glutathione depletion is necessary for apoptosis in lymphoid cells independent of reactive oxygen species formation.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed, 268 citations in OpenAlex.
- N-Acetylcysteine rapidly replenishes central nervous system glutathione measured via magnetic resonance spectroscopy in human neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2018Trial
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- Inactivation Efficacy of Combination Treatment of Propyl Gallate and UVA LED for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Apple Juice.Journal of food science · 2025Article
- Metal-based immunogenic cell death inducers for cancer immunotherapy.Chemical science · 2025Review
- Treadmill Exercise Training Ameliorates Apoptotic Cells and DNA Oxidation in the Cerebral Cortex of Rats Exposed to Chronic Ketamine Abuse.Addiction biology · 2025Article
- Investigation of Antioxidant Enzymes (GST, GSH, R-GSSG) in Erythrocytes of COVID-19 Patients: A One-Month Observation.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Physiology of the volume-sensitive/regulatory anion channel VSOR/VRAC: part 2: its activation mechanisms and essential roles in organic signal release.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS · 2024Review
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- Synthesis of Bis-Chalcones and Evaluation of Its Effect on Peroxide-Induced Cell Death and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Production.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Impact of Semicarbazide Sensitive Amine Oxidase Activity on Rat Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Dual regulation of Akt and glutathione caused by isoalantolactone effectively triggers human ovarian cancer cell apoptosis.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2023Article
- Study on Flocculation Behavior of Cr(VI) Using a Novel Chitosan Functionalized with Thiol Groups.Polymers · 2023Article
- Injectable thermo-sensitive hydrogel loaded hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles for ROS burst in TME and effective tumor treatment.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Article
- A Quassinoid Diterpenoid Eurycomanone fromMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
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- N-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots/Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites: A Study of ROS-Forming Mechanisms, Cytotoxicity and Photodynamic Therapy.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles in A549 and BEAS-2B Cell Lines.Bioinorganic chemistry and applications · 2022Article
- CuS nanoparticles and camptothecin co-loaded thermosensitive injectable hydrogel with self-supplied HFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Article
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Changes in the intracellular redox environment of cells have been reported to be critical for the activation of apoptotic enzymes and the progression of programmed cell death. Glutathione (GSH) depletion is an early hallmark observed in apoptosis, and we have demonstrated that GSH efflux during death receptor-mediated apoptosis occurs via a GSH transporter. We now evaluate the relationship between GSH depletion, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the progression of apoptosis. Simultaneous single cell analysis of changes in GSH content and ROS formation by multiparametric FACS revealed that loss of intracellular GSH was paralleled by the generation of different ROS including hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and lipid peroxides. However, inhibition of ROS formation by a variety of antioxidants showed that GSH loss was independent from the generation of ROS. Furthermore, GSH depletion was observed to be necessary for ROS generation. Interestingly, high extracellular thiol concentration (GSH and N-acetyl-cysteine) inhibited apoptosis, whereas, inhibition of ROS generation by other non-thiol antioxidants was ineffective in preventing cell death. Finally, GSH depletion was shown to be a necessary for the progression of apoptosis activated by both extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways. These results document a necessary and critical role for GSH loss in apoptosis and clearly uncouple for the first time GSH depletion from ROS formation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.