ArticleThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2007
Disorganized microtubules underlie the formation of retraction bulbs and the failure of axonal regeneration.
Article in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 225 papers.
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Who cites it
225 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Microtubules in Spinal Cord Injury: From Cytoskeletal Dysregulation to Therapeutic Regeneration.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Review
- Herkinorin Exerted Neuroprotective Effects After Spinal Cord Injury by Suppression of NF-κB Pathway Activation.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- SARM1 is required for macrophage immunophenotype switching that is essential for nerve repair.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Molecular resilience of neurons to repetitive mechanical compression.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Myelin sheaths persist for weeks following axon degeneration.Science advances · 2026Article
- Roles of the Complement System in Peripheral Nerve Injury and Repair.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Epothilone B stabilizes microtubules via Tau to protect retinal ganglion cells and promote axon regeneration.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Article
- Morphological regulation of wound repair astrocytes by leucine zipper-bearing kinase-AKT signaling after spinal cord injury.Experimental neurology · 2025Article
- The Extremely Low Mechanical Force Generated by Nano-Pulling Induces Global Changes in the Microtubule Network, Nuclear Morphology, and Chromatin Transcription in Neurons.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- In vivo programming of adult pericytes aids axon regeneration by providing cellular bridges for SCI repair.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Advancements in diagnosing Post-concussion Syndrome: insights into epidemiology, pathophysiology, neuropathology, neuroimaging, and salivary biomarkers.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Review
- Histone Acetylation in Central and Peripheral Nervous System Injuries and Regeneration: Epigenetic Dynamics and Therapeutic Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Research status of regenerative difficulties after central nervous system injury.Regenerative therapy · 2025Review
- Managing surface energy dynamics for enhanced axonal growth: An overview of present and future challenges.Biophysics reviews · 2025Review
- Paclitaxel alleviates spinal cord injury via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Roles of Kdm6a and Kdm6b in Regulation of Mammalian Neural Regeneration.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Axon-specific microtubule regulation drives asymmetric regeneration of sensory neuron axons.eLife · 2025Article
- Axonal motor polyneuropathy in a 13 years old Girl with a de Novo variant in ADNP.Neurogenetics · 2025Article
165 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Axons in the CNS do not regrow after injury, whereas lesioned axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerate. Lesioned CNS axons form characteristic swellings at their tips known as retraction bulbs, which are the nongrowing counterparts of growth cones. Although much progress has been made in identifying intracellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate growth cone locomotion and axonal elongation, a comprehensive understanding of how retraction bulbs form and why they are unable to grow is still elusive. Here we report the analysis of the morphological and intracellular responses of injured axons in the CNS compared with those in the PNS. We show that retraction bulbs of injured CNS axons increase in size over time, whereas growth cones of injured PNS axons remain constant. Retraction bulbs contain a disorganized microtubule network, whereas growth cones possess the typical bundling of microtubules. Using in vivo imaging, we find that pharmacological disruption of microtubules in growth cones transforms them into retraction bulb-like structures whose growth is inhibited. Correspondingly, microtubule destabilization of sensory neurons in cell culture induces retraction bulb formation. Conversely, microtubule stabilization prevents the formation of retraction bulbs and decreases axonal degeneration in vivo. Finally, microtubule stabilization enhances the growth capacity of CNS neurons cultured on myelin. Thus, the stability and organization of microtubules define the fate of lesioned axonal stumps to become either advancing growth cones or nongrowing retraction bulbs. Our data pinpoint microtubules as a key regulatory target for axonal regeneration.
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