ArticleThe Journal of general physiology2007
beta-Scorpion toxin modifies gating transitions in all four voltage sensors of the sodium channel.
Article in The Journal of general physiology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
- Preorganized Electric Fields in Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2025Article
- Fifty years of gating currents and channel gating.The Journal of general physiology · 2023Review
- Scorpion Peptides and Ion Channels: An Insightful Review of Mechanisms and Drug Development.Toxins · 2023Review
- The 70-year search for the voltage-sensing mechanism of ion channels.The Journal of physiology · 2022Article
- Neurotoxicity of Tityus bahiensis (brown scorpion) venom in sympathetic vas deferens preparations and neuronal cells.Archives of toxicology · 2020Article
- Centipede KCNQ Inhibitor SsTx Also Targets KToxins · 2019Article
- Subtype Specificity of β-Toxin Tf1a fromToxins · 2018Article
- Using voltage-sensor toxins and their molecular targets to investigate NaThe Journal of physiology · 2018Review
- Nav channel binder containing a specific conjugation-site based on a low toxicity β-scorpion toxin.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- The envenomation of general physiology throughout the last century.The Journal of general physiology · 2017Review
- Mechanisms of noncovalent β subunit regulation of NaThe Journal of general physiology · 2017Article
- Mapping of voltage sensor positions in resting and inactivated mammalian sodium channels by LRET.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
- Molecular Interactions between Tarantula Toxins and Low-Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- The hitchhiker's guide to the voltage-gated sodium channel galaxy.The Journal of general physiology · 2016Review
- Direct Measurement of Cardiac Na+ Channel Conformations Reveals Molecular Pathologies of Inherited Mutations.Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology · 2015Article
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- Na+ channel function, regulation, structure, trafficking and sequestration.The Journal of physiology · 2015Review
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- Allosteric interactions between receptor site 3 and 4 of voltage-gated sodium channels: a novel perspective for the underlying mechanism of scorpion sting-induced pain.The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Several naturally occurring polypeptide neurotoxins target specific sites on the voltage-gated sodium channels. Of these, the gating modifier toxins alter the behavior of the sodium channels by stabilizing transient intermediate states in the channel gating pathway. Here we have used an integrated approach that combines electrophysiological and spectroscopic measurements to determine the structural rearrangements modified by the beta-scorpion toxin Ts1. Our data indicate that toxin binding to the channel is restricted to a single binding site on domain II voltage sensor. Analysis of Cole-Moore shifts suggests that the number of closed states in the activation sequence prior to channel opening is reduced in the presence of toxin. Measurements of charge-voltage relationships show that a fraction of the gating charge is immobilized in Ts1-modified channels. Interestingly, the charge-voltage relationship also shows an additional component at hyperpolarized potentials. Site-specific fluorescence measurements indicate that in presence of the toxin the voltage sensor of domain II remains trapped in the activated state. Furthermore, the binding of the toxin potentiates the activation of the other three voltage sensors of the sodium channel to more hyperpolarized potentials. These findings reveal how the binding of beta-scorpion toxin modifies channel function and provides insight into early gating transitions of sodium channels.
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