ArticleEpidemiology and infection2008
Trends in resistance to penicillin and erythromycin of invasive pneumococci in Portugal.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of azithromycin in Covid-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of long-term use of macrolides in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Pooled it
- Intracameral antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical expertise: key determinants in endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2026Article
- Preoperative conjunctival flora and antibiotic susceptibility in cataract surgery patients at Ibn Al-Haitham teaching eye hospital in Baghdad, Iraq.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2025Article
- Effect on Antimicrobial Resistance of a Policy Restricting Over-the-Counter Antimicrobial Sales in a Large Metropolitan Area, São Paulo, Brazil.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Emerging resistant serotypes of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae.Infection and drug resistance · 2016Article
- Macrolide susceptibility and serotype specific macrolide resistance of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Germany from 1992 to 2008.BMC microbiology · 2010Article
- Temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance and clonality of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Finland, 2002 to 2006.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci is influenced by serotypes, antimicrobial consumption and vaccine use. Serotyping of 697 out of 1331 pneumococcal isolates, recovered in Portugal from 1994 to 2004, showed that the theoretical rate of heptavalent conjugate vaccine coverage was 91.7% and 63.6% for penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptible strains, respectively, in children up to 1 year old. The use of amoxicillin and erythromycin decreased in the vaccine period 2001-2004 (P=0.04 and P<0.01, respectively) but azithromycin usage increased in the same period (P<0.01). By using linear regression models, we evaluated the role of antimicrobial and vaccine use in the trends of resistance to penicillin and erythromycin among the isolates. The models suggest that the use of macrolides was the main factor associated with an increase of penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptible isolates from adults (P<0.01) and erythromycin non-susceptible isolates among children (P=0.006). These models also suggest that heptavalent vaccine is failing to reduce antimicrobial resistance as expected, possibly due to the increased consumption of azithromycin (P=0.04). The efficient use of new antibiotics may reverse the present trends of antimicrobial resistance.
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