ArticleBlood2007
Exosomes released from macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens stimulate a proinflammatory response in vitro and in vivo.
Article in Blood, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 381 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
381 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 626 citations in OpenAlex.
- Harnessing exosomes in dry eye disease: a triple threat approach.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Human memory CD4bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Hijacking Host Communication: The Central Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Infectious Disease Pathogenesis.Cells · 2026Review
- Role of Exosomes During Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection: A Double-Edged Sword.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Review
- Association of Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected oral squamous cell carcinoma cell-secreted exosomal miR-3648-1-p5 with tumor progression.Cancer cell international · 2026Article
- Review
- Molecular Mechanisms of Priming Innate Immunity by Small Extracellular Vesicles Released during Infection with Gram-negative Bacteria.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles decoying across host immunity.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2025Review
- Characterization and anti-tuberculosis effects of γδ T cells expanded and activated byVirulence · 2025Review
- Cytotoxic granules and effector molecules from immune cells in tuberculosis: Mechanisms of host defense and therapeutic potential.Virulence · 2025Review
- Therapeutic strategies based on macrophages and their derivatives: Targeted drug delivery platforms and disease treatment.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2025Review
- Bioengineered Extracellular Vesicles in Emerging Cancer Vaccine Platforms.Small science · 2025Review
- Global trends and hotspots of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in pulmonary tuberculosis: a bibliometric and visualization analysis.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Comprehensive multiomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from Mycoplasma bovis-infected bovine mammary epithelial cells identifies proteins and miRNAs that induce inflammatory responses in macrophages.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- The Immune Microenvironment: New Therapeutic Implications in Organ Fibrosis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles: the "Trojan Horse" within breast cancer host microenvironments.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Macrophage exosomes mediate palmitic acid-induced metainflammation by transferring miR-3064-5p to target IκBα and activate NF-κB signaling.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Yersinia pestis Actively Inhibits the Production of Extracellular Vesicles by Human Neutrophils.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Characterization of Exosomes Released from Mycobacterium abscessus-Infected Macrophages.Proteomics · 2025Article
321 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens and the molecules they express have limited contact with the immune system. Here, we show that macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M bovis BCG, Salmonella typhimurium, or Toxoplasma gondii release from cells small vesicles known as exosomes which contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These exosomes, when exposed to uninfected macrophages, stimulate a proinflammatory response in a Toll-like receptor- and myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent manner. Further, exosomes isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of M bovis BCG-infected mice contain the mycobacteria components lipoarabinomannan and the 19-kDa lipoprotein and can stimulate TNF-alpha production in naive macrophages. Moreover, exosomes isolated from M bovis BCG- and M tuberculosis-infected macrophages, when injected intranasally into mice, stimulate TNF-alpha and IL-12 production as well as neutrophil and macrophage recruitment in the lung. These studies identify a previously unknown function for exosomes in promoting intercellular communication during an immune response to intracellular pathogens, and we hypothesize that extracellular release of exosomes containing PAMPs is an important mechanism of immune surveillance.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.