ArticleEpilepsia2007
In vivo and in vitro effects of pilocarpine: relevance to ictogenesis.
Article in Epilepsia, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cholinergic modulation of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell excitability in ArxExperimental neurology · 2026Article
- Neuroprotection and activation of anti-inflammatory and plasticity mechanisms by PLC-β inhibition after cholinergic hyperstimulation in hippocampal slices and microglial cells.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Experimental models of epilepsy: A comprehensive review of mechanisms, translational relevance, and future directions.Veterinary world · 2025Review
- Causal correlation between seizure activity and brain damage.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- The Activation of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Protects against Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Model through Attenuating Microglial Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Biallelic CRELD1 variants cause a multisystem syndrome, including neurodevelopmental phenotypes, cardiac dysrhythmias, and frequent infections.Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics · 2024Article
- A Novel Rat Infant Model of Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Reveals New Insight into the Molecular Biology and Epileptogenesis in the Developing Brain.Neural plasticity · 2024Article
- Altered functional connectivity and network excitability in a model of cortical dysplasia.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Beneficial Effects of Rosmarinic Acid In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Epileptiform Activity Induced by Pilocarpine.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Assessing seizure liabilityFrontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2023Article
- What is the Role of Lithium in Epilepsy?Current neuropharmacology · 2022Review
- Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in CNS Disorders and Putative Therapeutic Targets: An Overview.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- The interplay of neurovasculature and adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Neuroscience letters · 2021Review
- Novel test strategies for in vitro seizure liability assessment.Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology · 2021Review
- Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Targeting Neuroinflammation via Purinergic P2 Receptors for Disease Modification in Drug-Refractory Epilepsy.Journal of inflammation research · 2021Review
- Hormonal and biochemical changes in female Proechimys guyannensis, an animal model of resistance to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Applicability of hiPSC-Derived Neuronal Cocultures and Rodent Primary Cortical Cultures for In Vitro Seizure Liability Assessment.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2020Article
- Activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase/NOX2 and myeloperoxidase in the mouse brain during pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy and inhibition by ketamine.Inflammopharmacology · 2020Article
- Vascular Abnormalities and the Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Epileptic Brain.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesA common experimental model of status epilepticus (SE) utilizes intraperitoneal administration of the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine preceded by methyl-scopolamine treatment. Currently, activation of cholinergic neurons is recognized as the only factor triggering pilocarpine SE. However, cholinergic receptors are also widely distributed systemically and pretreatment with methyl-scopolamine may not be sufficient to counteract the effects of systemically injected pilocarpine. The extent of such peripheral events and the contribution to SE are unknown and the possibility that pilocarpine also induces SE by peripheral actions is yet untested.
methodsWe measured in vivo at onset of SE: brain and blood pilocarpine levels, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, T-lymphocyte activation and serum levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. The effects of pilocarpine on neuronal excitability was assessed in vitro on hippocampal slices or whole guinea pig brain preparations in presence of physiologic or elevated [K+](out).
resultsPilocarpine blood and brain levels at SE were 1400 +/- 200 microM and 200 +/- 80 microM, respectively. In vivo, after pilocarpine injection, increased serum IL-1beta, decreased CD4:CD8 T-lymphocyte ratios and focal BBB leakage were observed. In vitro, pilocarpine failed to exert significant synchronized epileptiform activity when applied at concentrations identical or higher to levels measured in vivo. Intense electrographic seizure-like events occurred only in the copresence of levels of K+ (6 mM) mimicking BBB leakage.
conclusionsEarly systemic events increasing BBB permeability may promote entry of cofactors (e. g. K+) into the brain leading to pilocarpine-induced SE. Disturbance of brain homeostasis represents an etiological factor contributing to pilocarpine seizures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.